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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 19 Blood Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Blood Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

blood is a component of

A

the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

the heart pumps blood through

A

BVs

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3
Q

blood delivers what to tissues

A

oxygen and nutrients

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4
Q

blood removes what

A

CO2 and waste products

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5
Q

roles of blood is to

A

maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

blood transports what

A

gases, nutrients, waste products and hormones

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7
Q

blood regulates what

A

pH, fluid and ion balance

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8
Q

normal pH

A

7.35- 7.45

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9
Q

blood maintains what

A

body temp

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10
Q

blood is a part of the immune system which means

A

its a body defense

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11
Q

blood can prevent

A

xs bleeding via coagulation

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12
Q

what percentage of blood makes up our total body weight

A

8%

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13
Q

how much blood in females

A

4-5 L

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14
Q

how much blood in males

A

5-6 L

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15
Q

plasma liquid matrix= what % of water, proteins, and solutes

A

91% H2O
7 proteins
2 solutes

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16
Q

what percentage of formed elements

A

45

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17
Q

what formed elements are in blood

A

RBC
WBC
platelets

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18
Q

what is a colloid solution with liquid suspended substances

A

plasma

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19
Q

role in blood viscosity, act as buffers (prevents drastic pH change)

A

albumins

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20
Q

what are g;obulins

A

alpha, gamma, beta

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21
Q

what glubulin protects from inflammation

A

alpha

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22
Q

what glublin transport iron, involved in complement

A

beta

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23
Q

what glublin does immunity

A

gamma

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24
Q

role in blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

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25
Q

plasma has tight control regarding

A

ions, nutrients, waste products, gases in plasma

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26
Q

whats the most abundant formed element

A

red blood cells

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27
Q

what percentage are red blood cells

A

95

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28
Q

what is 5 percent of the formed elements

A

leukocytes and thrombocytes

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29
Q

what is the term for blood cell production

A

hemopoiesis

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30
Q

where deos hematopoiesis occur ? and where does the expception occur?

A

red bone marrow, except lympocytes which develop in lymphatic tissue

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31
Q

formed elements are formed by adult step cells which are called

A

hemocytoblasts

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32
Q

hemocytoblasts have the capacity to become

A

any formed element

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33
Q

what are divisions of hemocytoblasts

A

myeloid and lymphoid stem cell

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34
Q

myeloid stem cells are

A

proerythroblasts

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35
Q

what are proerythroblasts stimulated by

A

erythropoietin from kidney

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36
Q

myeloid stem cells also have

A

myeloblasts
monoblasts
megakaryoblasts

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37
Q

monoblasts are

A

monocytes

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38
Q

megakaryoblats are

A

platelets

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39
Q

lympohid stem cells are

A

lymphocytes

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40
Q

what are biconcave discs

A

rbs

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41
Q

do erythrocytes change shape and if so why

A

yes to fit through capillaries

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42
Q

hemoglobin pigment carries

A

iron, o2, co2

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43
Q

oxygen is what percentage of rbs

A

98.5

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44
Q

how much of oxygen is disolved in plasma of rbcs

A

1.5

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45
Q

how much co2 is dissolved in plasma, hemoglobin, and how much is convert to bicarbonate ions

A

7% in plasma
23 on hgb
70&

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46
Q

what is bright red, oxygen form

A

oxyhemoglobin

47
Q

what is dark red, no oxygen

A

deoxyhemoglobin

48
Q

co2 attaching to globin is called

A

carbaminohemoglobin

49
Q

co attaching to iron is called

A

carboxyhemoglobin

50
Q

what are symptoms of carboxyhemoglobin

A

H/A, nausea, unconscious, DIE

51
Q

in cigarettes what percentage of carboxyhemoglobin is in the blood

52
Q

everyday what % of totals RBS are replaced

53
Q

term for giving rise to new RBCs

A

erythropoeisis

54
Q

how long does erythropoiesis take

A

4 days to produce

55
Q

what are rbcs stimulated by

A

erythropoietin from kidney

56
Q

what are immature RBC’s that lack a nucleus and are released from the red bone marrow into blood and takes two days to mature

A

reticulocyte

57
Q

what is the normal retic count

A

0.5-2% of circulating RBC

58
Q

what do we use retic counts for

A

to monitor RBC production

59
Q

if retic count rises that means

A

indication of response to therapy for anemia

60
Q

if retic count is not rising that means

A

we are anemic

61
Q

what is the normal life span for RBC

62
Q

rupting as we go through the capillaries is called

63
Q

where is the RBC graveyeard

64
Q

hemolysis has hgb into

A

plasma and denatures

65
Q

how is sickle cell disease passed down genetically

A

autosomal recessive

66
Q

sickle cell disease is a genetic mutation in what chain of hgb

A

beta globin

67
Q

sickle cell disease is a change in 1 nucleotide in dna which is between

A

glutamine to valine

68
Q

sickle cell trait with 1 allele abnormality=

69
Q

if you are a carrier for the 1 allele abnormality that makes you resistant to

A

malaria and increased fertility

70
Q

in africa what percentage are carriers for SCD

71
Q

when levels of blood oxygen ->

A

change in rbc shape

72
Q

sickle cell lodge in capillaries =

A

blocking blood flow which results in less oxygen

73
Q

SCD has a snowball effect which means the rbcs cannot

A

revert to normal shape

74
Q

symptoms of scd

A

pain, spleen and liver enlargement, lung and kidney damage, stroke, priapism, risk of sickles cell rupting-> hemolytic anemia

75
Q

treatment for scd

A

decrease blood vessel bloackage, treat pain and prevent infections hydroxyurea, bone marrow transplant
gene therapy possibly

76
Q

what do WBCs do

A

immune system defense and remove dead cells and debris

77
Q

large granules are

A

granulocytes

78
Q

gruales that arent readily visible (acidic and basic dyes)

A

neutrophils

79
Q

red granules with acidic dyes

A

eosinophils

80
Q

dark pueplw granules with basic dyes

81
Q

no visible granules

A

agranulocytes

82
Q

large with kidney shaped or U nucleus

83
Q

small with round nucleus, silver of cytoplasm

A

lymphocytes

84
Q

50-70%, multilobed nucleus
first to respond to infection,
phagocytize bacteria and secrete lysozymes

A

neutrophils

85
Q

20-40%, smallest size, to lymphatic tissues, immunity

A

lymphocytes

86
Q

2-8%, largest size, blood to tissie-> macrophages, role in phagocytosis

87
Q

1-4%, 2 lobed nucleus, kill parasitic worms, allergies, asthma, modulate inflammation

A

eosinophils

88
Q

0.5-1%, involved in allergy and inflammatory reactions, release histamine and heparin

89
Q

what are cell fragments from megakaryocytes (large cells in bone marrow), small amount of cytoplasm

90
Q

the cytoplasm contains what that help with platelet contraction

A

actin and myosin

91
Q

what are the role of thrombocytes

A

prevent and control blood loss

92
Q

two steps in thromocytes

A
  1. form platelet plug to seal holes in small vessels
  2. promote formation and clot contraction to seal large vessel wounds
93
Q

you have to stop bleeding to maintain

A

homeostasis

94
Q

if you dont stop bleeding what happens

A

the xs bleeding from injury to blood vessel-> + feedback cycle with progressive drop in blood volume and BP-> disruption of homeostasis-> death

95
Q

3 processes of homeostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formatioin
  3. coagulation
96
Q

blood vessel constriction as smooth muscle in the bv wall contracts

constriction closes small vessels and stops blood flow through them

damage to bvs activate nervous system reflexes and chemicals released by damaged vessels and pits

endothelial cells release endothelin -> BV constriction

thromboxanes= released from platelets-> blood constriction

A

vascular spasm

97
Q

accumulatioin of platelets to seal small tears in blood vessels

adhere to damaged vessel and other platelets to decrease blood loss

platelet adhesion: bind to exposed collagen

platelet release reaction: platelets adhere to collagen and activated, cascade of chemical release and positive feedback

platelet aggregation: platelet activate and change shape, bind to fibrinogen from platelet plug

A

platelet plug formation

98
Q

large tears require additional action-= coagulation to form blood clot

fibrin that trap blood cells, platelets and fluid

coagulation factor activation leads to clotting

A

coagulation

99
Q

what are two pathways in coagulation

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

100
Q

chemical are outside of blood
tissue factor release from damaged tissue+ calcium= factor VII complex-> factor X activation

A

extrinsic pathway

101
Q

chemicals intrinsic to blood
collagen exposure via BV damage, factor XII contacts collagen= activated-> activated factor XI-> factor IX
factor IX + factor VIII and calcium-> factor x activatin

102
Q

common pathway for coagulation

A

started with factor X binds to factor V, calcium-> prothrombin activator
prothrombin-> thrombin causing fibrinogen-> fibrin and clot is formed

103
Q

we need to prevent overreaction of

A

clot formation

104
Q

anticoagulants prevent

A

undesired clumping

105
Q

anticoagulants prevent coagulation factors from

A

initiating clot formation unless needed

106
Q

where does clot control happen

A

at the site of injury

107
Q

antithrombin is what

A

anticoagulant

108
Q

where is antithrombin produced and what does it do

A

by the liver and it slowly inactivated thrombin

109
Q

heparin does what

A

quickly activated thrombin

110
Q

prostacyclin is produced by and does what

A

produced by endotheliak cells and counteracts effect of thrombin

111
Q

anticoagulants are used exogenously in

A

transfusioin and lab blood tests

112
Q

how does the clot retract

A

condenses into dense, smaller area, due to actin and myosin; serum exuded from clot
edges of bv come together, blood flow stops and less infection and heal

113
Q

blood clot dissolves in few days via

A

fibrinolysis

114
Q

fibrinolysis

A

plasmin enzyme breaks down fibrin

Human Structure and Function II (27 decks)

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