Chapter 19 Blood Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
blood is a component of
A
the cardiovascular system
2
Q
the heart pumps blood through
A
BVs
3
Q
blood delivers what to tissues
A
oxygen and nutrients
4
Q
blood removes what
A
CO2 and waste products
5
Q
roles of blood is to
A
maintain homeostasis
6
Q
blood transports what
A
gases, nutrients, waste products and hormones
7
Q
blood regulates what
A
pH, fluid and ion balance
8
Q
normal pH
A
7.35- 7.45
9
Q
blood maintains what
A
body temp
10
Q
blood is a part of the immune system which means
A
its a body defense
11
Q
blood can prevent
A
xs bleeding via coagulation
12
Q
what percentage of blood makes up our total body weight
A
8%
13
Q
how much blood in females
A
4-5 L
14
Q
how much blood in males
A
5-6 L
15
Q
plasma liquid matrix= what % of water, proteins, and solutes
A
91% H2O
7 proteins
2 solutes
16
Q
what percentage of formed elements
A
45
17
Q
what formed elements are in blood
A
RBC
WBC
platelets
18
Q
what is a colloid solution with liquid suspended substances
A
plasma
19
Q
role in blood viscosity, act as buffers (prevents drastic pH change)
A
albumins
20
Q
what are g;obulins
A
alpha, gamma, beta
21
Q
what glubulin protects from inflammation
A
alpha
22
Q
what glublin transport iron, involved in complement
A
beta
23
Q
what glublin does immunity
A
gamma
24
Q
role in blood clotting
A
fibrinogen
25
plasma has tight control regarding
ions, nutrients, waste products, gases in plasma
26
whats the most abundant formed element
red blood cells
27
what percentage are red blood cells
95
28
what is 5 percent of the formed elements
leukocytes and thrombocytes
29
what is the term for blood cell production
hemopoiesis
30
where deos hematopoiesis occur ? and where does the expception occur?
red bone marrow, except lympocytes which develop in lymphatic tissue
31
formed elements are formed by adult step cells which are called
hemocytoblasts
32
hemocytoblasts have the capacity to become
any formed element
33
what are divisions of hemocytoblasts
myeloid and lymphoid stem cell
34
myeloid stem cells are
proerythroblasts
35
what are proerythroblasts stimulated by
erythropoietin from kidney
36
myeloid stem cells also have
myeloblasts
monoblasts
megakaryoblasts
37
monoblasts are
monocytes
38
megakaryoblats are
platelets
39
lympohid stem cells are
lymphocytes
40
what are biconcave discs
rbs
41
do erythrocytes change shape and if so why
yes to fit through capillaries
42
hemoglobin pigment carries
iron, o2, co2
43
oxygen is what percentage of rbs
98.5
44
how much of oxygen is disolved in plasma of rbcs
1.5
45
how much co2 is dissolved in plasma, hemoglobin, and how much is convert to bicarbonate ions
7% in plasma
23 on hgb
70&
46
what is bright red, oxygen form
oxyhemoglobin
47
what is dark red, no oxygen
deoxyhemoglobin
48
co2 attaching to globin is called
carbaminohemoglobin
49
co attaching to iron is called
carboxyhemoglobin
50
what are symptoms of carboxyhemoglobin
H/A, nausea, unconscious, DIE
51
in cigarettes what percentage of carboxyhemoglobin is in the blood
5-15%
52
everyday what % of totals RBS are replaced
1
53
term for giving rise to new RBCs
erythropoeisis
54
how long does erythropoiesis take
4 days to produce
55
what are rbcs stimulated by
erythropoietin from kidney
56
what are immature RBC's that lack a nucleus and are released from the red bone marrow into blood and takes two days to mature
reticulocyte
57
what is the normal retic count
0.5-2% of circulating RBC
58
what do we use retic counts for
to monitor RBC production
59
if retic count rises that means
indication of response to therapy for anemia
60
if retic count is not rising that means
we are anemic
61
what is the normal life span for RBC
120 days
62
rupting as we go through the capillaries is called
hemolyssi
63
where is the RBC graveyeard
spleen
64
hemolysis has hgb into
plasma and denatures
65
how is sickle cell disease passed down genetically
autosomal recessive
66
sickle cell disease is a genetic mutation in what chain of hgb
beta globin
67
sickle cell disease is a change in 1 nucleotide in dna which is between
glutamine to valine
68
sickle cell trait with 1 allele abnormality=
carrier
69
if you are a carrier for the 1 allele abnormality that makes you resistant to
malaria and increased fertility
70
in africa what percentage are carriers for SCD
50
71
when levels of blood oxygen ->
change in rbc shape
72
sickle cell lodge in capillaries =
blocking blood flow which results in less oxygen
73
SCD has a snowball effect which means the rbcs cannot
revert to normal shape
74
symptoms of scd
pain, spleen and liver enlargement, lung and kidney damage, stroke, priapism, risk of sickles cell rupting-> hemolytic anemia
75
treatment for scd
decrease blood vessel bloackage, treat pain and prevent infections hydroxyurea, bone marrow transplant
gene therapy possibly
76
what do WBCs do
immune system defense and remove dead cells and debris
77
large granules are
granulocytes
78
gruales that arent readily visible (acidic and basic dyes)
neutrophils
79
red granules with acidic dyes
eosinophils
80
dark pueplw granules with basic dyes
basophils
81
no visible granules
agranulocytes
82
large with kidney shaped or U nucleus
monocyte
83
small with round nucleus, silver of cytoplasm
lymphocytes
84
50-70%, multilobed nucleus
first to respond to infection,
phagocytize bacteria and secrete lysozymes
neutrophils
85
20-40%, smallest size, to lymphatic tissues, immunity
lymphocytes
86
2-8%, largest size, blood to tissie-> macrophages, role in phagocytosis
monocytes
87
1-4%, 2 lobed nucleus, kill parasitic worms, allergies, asthma, modulate inflammation
eosinophils
88
0.5-1%, involved in allergy and inflammatory reactions, release histamine and heparin
basophils
89
what are cell fragments from megakaryocytes (large cells in bone marrow), small amount of cytoplasm
platelets
90
the cytoplasm contains what that help with platelet contraction
actin and myosin
91
what are the role of thrombocytes
prevent and control blood loss
92
two steps in thromocytes
1. form platelet plug to seal holes in small vessels
2. promote formation and clot contraction to seal large vessel wounds
93
you have to stop bleeding to maintain
homeostasis
94
if you dont stop bleeding what happens
the xs bleeding from injury to blood vessel-> + feedback cycle with progressive drop in blood volume and BP-> disruption of homeostasis-> death
95
3 processes of homeostasis
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formatioin
3. coagulation
96
blood vessel constriction as smooth muscle in the bv wall contracts
constriction closes small vessels and stops blood flow through them
damage to bvs activate nervous system reflexes and chemicals released by damaged vessels and pits
endothelial cells release endothelin -> BV constriction
thromboxanes= released from platelets-> blood constriction
vascular spasm
97
accumulatioin of platelets to seal small tears in blood vessels
adhere to damaged vessel and other platelets to decrease blood loss
platelet adhesion: bind to exposed collagen
platelet release reaction: platelets adhere to collagen and activated, cascade of chemical release and positive feedback
platelet aggregation: platelet activate and change shape, bind to fibrinogen from platelet plug
platelet plug formation
98
large tears require additional action-= coagulation to form blood clot
fibrin that trap blood cells, platelets and fluid
coagulation factor activation leads to clotting
coagulation
99
what are two pathways in coagulation
extrinsic and intrinsic
100
chemical are outside of blood
tissue factor release from damaged tissue+ calcium= factor VII complex-> factor X activation
extrinsic pathway
101
chemicals intrinsic to blood
collagen exposure via BV damage, factor XII contacts collagen= activated-> activated factor XI-> factor IX
factor IX + factor VIII and calcium-> factor x activatin
intrinsic
102
common pathway for coagulation
started with factor X binds to factor V, calcium-> prothrombin activator
prothrombin-> thrombin causing fibrinogen-> fibrin and clot is formed
103
we need to prevent overreaction of
clot formation
104
anticoagulants prevent
undesired clumping
105
anticoagulants prevent coagulation factors from
initiating clot formation unless needed
106
where does clot control happen
at the site of injury
107
antithrombin is what
anticoagulant
108
where is antithrombin produced and what does it do
by the liver and it slowly inactivated thrombin
109
heparin does what
quickly activated thrombin
110
prostacyclin is produced by and does what
produced by endotheliak cells and counteracts effect of thrombin
111
anticoagulants are used exogenously in
transfusioin and lab blood tests
112
how does the clot retract
condenses into dense, smaller area, due to actin and myosin; serum exuded from clot
edges of bv come together, blood flow stops and less infection and heal
113
blood clot dissolves in few days via
fibrinolysis
114
fibrinolysis
plasmin enzyme breaks down fibrin
