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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 21 Blood Vessels Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Blood Vessels Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ductwork that carries blood to the body tissues and back to the heart

A

blood vessels

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2
Q

blood vessels regulate blood pressure to maintains what

A

tissues metabolic needs

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3
Q

bloood vessels determines degree of what

A

blood flow to the bodys most active tissue

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4
Q

what are the 2 sets of circulatory blood vessels

A

pulmonary and systemic

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5
Q

right side of the heart

A

pulmonary

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6
Q

left side of the heart

A

systemic

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7
Q

what are the 5 circulatory system func.

A
  1. carries blood
  2. exchanges nutrients, waste products and gases
  3. transports substances
  4. regulates BP
  5. blood flow to tissues to maintain homeostasis
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8
Q

what are the 3 bv types

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

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9
Q

each bv has what

A

3 layers or tunics that comprise it

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10
Q

how many layers does tunica intima have

A

4

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11
Q

what are the three layers

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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12
Q

endothelium, basement membrane, lamina propria and internal elastic membrane is

A

tunica intima

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13
Q

what layer is smooth mscule and elastic with collagen fibers

A

tunica media

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14
Q

vasoconstriction and vasodilation is in what layer of bv

A

tunica media

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15
Q

smooth muscle contraction and reduced Bv diameter

A

vasoconstriction

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16
Q

smooth muscle relaxation and increased BV diameter

A

vasodilation

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17
Q

what seperates middle and external layer

A

external elastic membrane of tunica media

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18
Q

what layer is made of ct

A

tunica externa

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19
Q

what layer is dense on inner portion and loose is outer

A

tunica externa

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20
Q

= Carry blood away from the heart (Branch)

A

arteries

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21
Q

Thickest vessels with smooth muscle & elastic fibers

A

artery

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22
Q

As vessels become smaller, Artery walls undergo Gradual transition from Large amount of
Elastic tissue & Smaller Smooth muscle to having MORE Smooth muscle

A

artery

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23
Q

= Most common type of BV, Thinnest

A

capillaries

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24
Q

Inner lining of Simple squamous epithelium = Endothelium

A

capillaries

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25
= Carry blood toward the heart (Merge)
veins
26
Contain Valves that help to prevent backflow, Found more in lower extremities
veins
27
– Largest diameter = Conducting; BP is high, Stretch & Recoil, Tunica intima is thick
elastic arteries
28
– Medium sized & Small arteries = Distributing; Thick Tunica media
muscular arteries
29
– Smallest arteries, Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
arterioles
30
NO Gaps between Endothelial cells, Less permeable to large molecules In skin, muscle, lungs, CNS
continous capillaries
31
NO cytoplasm, Thinner PM. Seen in highly permeable area Intestinal Villi, Kidney glomeruli, Choroid plexus of CNS
fenestrated capillaries
32
– Larger diameter; In Liver or Endocrine Glands
sinusoidal capillaries
33
– Smallest veins, when smooth muscle fibers form continuous layer = Small veins
venules
34
– Transport of blood from small veins toward the heart
medium and large veins
35
Connection of Capillary network to another Seen in Hepatic, Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal vein & Renal Nephron Portal System
portal veins
36
varicose veins affect what %
more than 15
37
what is due to incompetent valves
tortuous and dilated veins
38
when do varicose veins occur
due to xs stretch of veins & valves no longer overlap to prevent blood backflow. Venous pressure is greater  Edema
39
what do you feel in ur legs in varicose veins
heaviness in legs
40
what does varicose veins lead too
phlebitis
41
phlebitis sffects what
superficial
42
risk factors for varicose veins
Genetics, Prolonged standing, Obese, Pregnancy, Straining in Labor & with BM
43
what is blood circulation determined by
Flow, Resistance & Pressure
44
Volume of Blood flowing through a vessel, organ or entire circulation in given period Equivalent to Cardiac Output (CO) & at rest is basically constant. CO = SV (ml/beat) x HR Entire Blood supply pumps through each side of heart 1x / min
blood flow
45
= Force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by contained blood, Measurement in mmHg.
blood pressure
46
Opposition to Flow & measure of amount of friction blood encounters as passes through vessels. Total peripheral Resistance (TPR) (where encounter friction in peripheral system)
resistance
47
3 sources of blood circulation
blood viscosity vessel length vessel diameter
48
blood flow is directly proportional to difference in BP between 2 points in circulation= BP gradient difference in BP increases, so does
blood flow
49
blood flow is indirectly proportional to TPR. As TPR increases what decreases
blood flow
50
Neural Controls (Baroreceptors & Chemoreceptors) Respond to changes in Arterial pressure & stretch Receptors respond to changes in blood levels of CO2, H+, O2 Controlled by Higher brain centers (Hypothalamus)
short term control
51
Hormonal Controls – Adrenal medulla hormones (Epi & NE). Angiotensin II (Rise in BP), ANF (Drops BV & BP), ADH (Vasopressin) = All increase BP except ANF
short term control
52
Renal mechanisms alter blood volume via kidneys. Increase in BV (xs salt intake) causes increase in BP via water retention Decrease in BV (dehydration) causes decrease in BP with vigorous exercise & Blood loss
long term control
53
long term control directly or indirectly : NO hormones; BV or BP rises  Filtration faster (Kidney tubules) If High = Drop, If Low retain water & Rises
directly
54
long term control directly or indirectly : Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism If BP drops, Kidney cells release Renin, Renin splits Angiotensinogen (made in liver)  converts to Angiotensin I. Angiotensin I  converts to Angiotensin II via Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) (in capillary epithelium – ie lungs
indirectly
55
4 ways angiotensin II stabilizes BP
Aldosterone secretion, ADH release, Activates Hypothalamic Thirst center (Drink more), Also increases TPR as it is potent as a vasoconstrictor
56
chronic elevation in BP
hypertension
57
what do you need to do when you have hypertension
need to change lifestyle as silent killer
58
risk of hypertension
risk of HF, RF, vascular disease, CVA
59
higher resistance of hypertension=
work harder and myocardium enlarges, strains, weakens walls become flabby also atherosclerosis
60
primary not ID cause:
genes, diet, obese, over 40, DM, stress, smoking, NOT cure but control. meds ACE inhibotors, diuretics, beta blocker, calcium channel blockers
61
secondary Id cause=
renal artery stenosis, kidney disease, hyperthyroid, cushings
62
Low BP, <90/60. Usually long life. (Acute  Circulatory Shock)
hypotension
63
what is orthostatic hypotension:
temporary drop in BP causing dizziness, with sudden rise
64
old is at risk as SNS does not respond as quickly to
postural changes
65
blood temporarily pools in lower limbs, BP drops and less blood to brain. what do you need to do?
change position slowly
66
chronic hypotension is
serious underlying condition- addison's disease, hypothyroid, severe malnutrition
67
Circulatory = BV inadequately filled & blood not circulate properly, Body needs not met. Cells destroyed & Organ damage
shock
68
most common form of shock, Low volume due to major blood/fluid loss (Severe Vomiting/Diarrhea, Acute Hemorrhage, Burns). Rapid decrease = weak thready pulse, due to intense vasoconstriction. NEED to replace volume ASAP!
hypovolemic
69
= Blood volume normal, but poor circulation due to xs vasodilation. Drop in TPR then BP drops.
vascular
70
3 types of shock
anaphylatic shock neurogenic failure septic shock
71
systemic allergic reaction with massive histamine release triggering vasodilation throughout system
anaphylatic shock
72
failure of ANS regulation
neurogenic
73
due to severe systemic bacterial infection causing widespread vasodilation
septic shock
74
Pump failure when hear cannot sustain circulation. Due to MI  Myocardial damage.
cardiogenic

Human Structure and Function II (36 decks)

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