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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 4 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: A small number of pigs that are diagnostically sampled will result in a missed diagnosis.

A

True

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2
Q

What is the primary cause of enzootic pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

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3
Q

T/F: Most herds are infected with M. hyopneumoniae

A

True

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4
Q

How is M. hyopneumoniae transmitted?

A

Mostly by direct contact

Aerosol is possible

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5
Q

In what swine populations is M. hyopneumoniae often manifested?

A

In finishing populations

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6
Q

T/F: M. hyopneumoniae is fast spreading via vertical transmission.

A

False - slow spreading, through lateral transmission

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7
Q

How is M. hyopneumoniae diagnosed?

A

Based on clinical signs, macrsoscopic lesions, histopath, organism ID, and serology

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8
Q

What clinical signs are associated with M. hyopneumoniae infection?

A

Cough 10 days post infection

Severe sickness in naive herds

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9
Q

What age pig is typically infected by M. hyopneumoniae?

A

Older pigs

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10
Q

What macroscopic lesion is associated with M. hyopneumoniae infection?

A

Cranio-ventral consolidation - non-specific

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11
Q

What characteristic histopathic lesion is associated with M. hyopneumoniae infection?

A

Peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuffing

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12
Q

What tests can be used to ID M. hyopneumoniae?

A

FA, culture, PCR, and IHC

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13
Q

What is the most common vaccine used in growing pigs?

A

PCV2

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14
Q

What is the second most common used vaccine in growing pigs?

A

Mycoplasma vaccine

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15
Q

Are 1 or 2 doses of Mycoplasma vaccination more effective?

A

2

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16
Q

How early should Mycoplasma vaccines be started?

A

Early (3 weeks)

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17
Q

T/F: Maternal antibody probably won’t interfere with Mycoplasma induced protection

A

True

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18
Q

T/F: In order for PRRS eradication, there needs to be Mycoplasma eradication.

A

True

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19
Q

How is M. hyopneumoniae treated?

A

Antibiotics
Control other diseases
Vaccination of other groups

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20
Q

What is the etiologic agent of contagious pleuropneumonia?

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)

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21
Q

How is APP transmitted?

A

Close contact and short distance aerosols

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22
Q

Where is APP harbored?

A

In the upper airways

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23
Q

What is one of the most common clinical signs associated with APP?

A

The pigs stop eating and drinking

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24
Q

What other clinical signs are associated with APP?

A

Sudden death
Sudden onset of rapid, deep breathing
Minimal cough
Fever initially or if mild-to-moderate; subnormal in severely affected pigs
Hemoptosis and blood from nostrils in agonal phase

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25
Q

What post mortem lesions are associated with APP?

A

Necrotizing, hemorrhagic, usually multi-focal pneumonia

Pleuritis if pig survives for at least 18 hours

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26
Q

What bacteria causes lesions similar to APP?

A

Actinobacillus suis

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27
Q

If APP is found, what should be done?

A

Mass treatment via injection

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28
Q

T/F: APP is one of the only true infectious emergencies in the swine industry.

A

True

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29
Q

How is APP diagnosed initially?

A

Clinical signs and gross pathology

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30
Q

What additional tests can be done to diagnose APP?

A

Culture and serology

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31
Q

Most commercial vaccines for APP are _____.

A

bacterins

32
Q

When should APP vaccines be administered?

A

2x at 2-4 week intervals prior to finishing

33
Q

When should you use autogenous vaccines for APP?

A

If commercial vaccines don’t contain the correct serotype or they may have within serotype heterogeneity

34
Q

What side effects are associated with APP?

A

Injection site reactions

Fever, off-feed, reduced daily gain

35
Q

How is APP treated?

A

Antibiotics ASAP (injectable >water)
Ventilation
+/- vaccination
Different source of pigs

36
Q

T/F: Actinobacillus suis will behave like APP but less severe and short term

A

True

37
Q

A. suis is a problem in what herds?

A

Healthier herds

38
Q

What does A. suis cause?

A

Generalized septicemia

39
Q

What does A. suis produce?

A

Type 1 hemolysin

40
Q

T/F: Commercial vaccines are the best route for A. suis prevention.

A

False - there are no commercial vaccines available

41
Q

How is A. suis treated?

A

Antibiotics - ensure that you have the correct diagnosis

42
Q

T/F: Pasteurella multocida is a primary cause of pneumonia.

A

False - something has to cause damage to the lungs in order for it to invade

43
Q

T/F: Medication of pigs with non-APP pneumonia is mostly directed at P. multocida.

A

True

44
Q

What lesion can P. multocida pneumonia cause?

A

Pleuritis

45
Q

How is P. multocida pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Culture and sensitivity

Sort out primary causes

46
Q

How is P. multocida treated?

A

Antibiotics
Environment - ventilation
Address other diseases

47
Q

__________ ________ causes atrophic rhinitis. ___________ ________ causes progressive atrophic rhinitis.

A

Bordatella bronchiseptica

Pasteurella multocida

48
Q

What toxin does P. multocida produce that results in progressive atrophic rhinitis?

A

AR toxin (dermatonecrotoxin)

49
Q

What are the main capsular types of P. multocida?

A

Type D, but also type A

50
Q

What clinical signs are associated with atrophic rhinitis?

A

Deviated snout - sideways or pushed up
Tear staining at the medial canthus
Sneezing
Bleeding from the nostrils

51
Q

What lesions are associated with atrophic rhinitis?

A

Turbinate atrophy - primarily ventral scroll of the ventral turbinate
Septal deviation

52
Q

What is the severity of atrophic rhinitis influenced by?

A

Air quality and environment
Genetics
Age of sow herd
Weaning age

53
Q

When should pigs be vaccinated against atrophic rhinitis?

A

Sows should be vaccinated pre-farrowing
Gilts should be vaccinated pre-breeding

Pigs:
If 2 doses - 7 days and weaning
If 1 dose - weaning

54
Q

How is atrophic rhinitis treated?

A

Antibiotics
Prevention
Environment

55
Q

T/F: Swine influenza is an acceptable term

A

Nope - we don’t want to associate the term with a specific species

56
Q

What strains of swine influenza are in the US?

A

H1N1, H3N2, H1N2

57
Q

What type of influenza virus infects pigs?

A

Type A

58
Q

How long is the duration of disease caused by Influenza A virus?

A

<4-7 days

59
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Influenza A virus?

A

Variable fever

Respiratory signs 1-2 days post infection - increased rate, thumps, dry cough or wet cough

60
Q

What gross lesions are associated with influenza A virus?

A

Lesions that look like M. hyopneumoniae

61
Q

What strains are vaccinated against for Influenza A?

A

H1N1, H3N2

62
Q

When should you vaccinate against Influenza A and why?

A

Vaccinate sows pre-farrowing so that piglets have protective titers until 12 weeks of age

63
Q

T/F: Pseudorabies virus was eradicated from the US in late 2003

A

False- it is still present in wild herds, however it was eradicated from commercial herds at this time

64
Q

What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause?

A

Respiratory disease in any age pigs in addition to CNS signs in neonates and reproductive disease in sows

65
Q

What lesion does pseudorabies occasionally cause?

A

Necrotic rhinitis

66
Q

T/F: Pseudorabies vaccines are highly effective.

A

True

67
Q

How is pseudorabies eradicated?

A

Blanket vaccination to reduce/eliminate shedding and transmission
Improve internal biosecurity
Improve external biosecurity
Monitor closely via serology to determine where failure is occuring

68
Q

What lesion is commonly associated with roundworm infections in pigs?

A

Milk spots on the liver

69
Q

What lungworm species are commonly found in pigs?

A

Metastrongylus species (elongatus, pudendotecus, salmi)

70
Q

What is the intermediate host for Metastrongylus spp.?

A

Earth worm

71
Q

Where do Metastrongylus remain?

A

Terminal bronchi

72
Q

________ do not work well with whipworms.

A

Avermectins

73
Q

What is PRCV?

A

a virus that causes mild respiratory disease in young pigs due to a deletion mutant of the TGE virus

74
Q

What causes inclusion body rhinitis?

A

Porcine cytomegalovirus

75
Q

Inclusion body rhinitis is a common disease in what group of pigs?

A

Early nursery pigs

76
Q

What clinical sign is associated with inclusion body rhinitis?

A

High pitched sneezing

77
Q

Severely affected pigs with inclusion body rhinitis will develop what?

A

Necrotic rhinitis

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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