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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 4 - Enteric > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Enteric Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause a sow to be off of feed for 1.5-2 days?

A 
Room temperature is not 65 F
Wetting feed
Provide starter feed
Vitamin B12 injection
Exercise
Check body temperature
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2
Q

Mastitis metritis agalactia the garbage can diagnosis for what?

A

Sows that are off-feed, febrile, and not milking well +/- specific signs

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3
Q

How do sows with mastitis present?

A

They have warm, enlarged, and sensitive glands
The sow lies on belly and off-feed
The respective piglets are hungry, gant, and may have diarrhea

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4
Q

Constipation is a prolonged period without defecation. When does it typically occur?

A

24-36 hours after farrowing

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5
Q

What should be done to aid in identifying constipated sows?

A

Remove feces from behind the sow at farrowing

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6
Q

How can you relieve or prevent constipation?

A

Exercise, feeding, manual removal, soap enema, and laxatives

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7
Q

What are important things to know about colostrum in pigs?

A

Both quality and quantity count
Birth to suckle time is critical
Length of labor matters

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8
Q

What is our job in regards to colostrum?

A

Maximize individual and litter intake
Intervene if labor is prolonged
Ensure effective cross fostering

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9
Q

T/F: 6 hours post partum milk and serum colostrum serum levels should be equal, 48 hours later serum colostrum levels will be higher than milk

A

True

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10
Q

How soon should piglets get colostrum?

A

6 hours

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11
Q

How long is the average time to first suckle?

A

29 +/- 2 minutes

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12
Q

Aside from immunity, what other roles does colostrum play?

A

It provides energy, intestinal physiology, and can increase absorptive capabilities

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13
Q

What antibody is in colostrum?

A

IgG

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14
Q

How is IgG from colostrum absorbed??

A

Systemically

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15
Q

What antibody is always present in milk?

A

IgA

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16
Q

How long is IgA from milk protective?

A

As long as a pig nurses

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17
Q

What are the ddx for neonatal diarrhea?

A 
E. coli
Rotavirus
TGE
PED and/or Porcine Delta Coronavirus
Coccidiosis
Clostridium perfringens c and A
Clostridoides difficile
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18
Q

What is the etiologic agent for coccidiosis in swien?

A

Cystoisospora suis

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19
Q

What is the minimum age for coccidiosis to occur?

A

5 days

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20
Q

T/F: Marquis is the only approve treatment for coccidiosis in swine.

A

False - There are no approved treatments, but marquis has proven successful

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21
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Rot gut?

A

Clostrdium perfringens

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22
Q

Acutely, what does C. perfringens cause?

A

Bloody diarrhea

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23
Q

Chronically, what does C. perfringens cause?

A

Rope gut

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24
Q

What ddx should be considered with C. perfringens?

A

coccidiosis

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25
Q

How is C. perfringens prevented?

A

Vaccination pre-farrow

Feed sows BMD 14 days pre-farrow and lactation

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26
Q

The incidence of Clostridioides difficile is associated with what?

A

Antibiotic use

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27
Q

How do you treat C. difficile?

A

Discontinue antibiotics to re-establish normal microbial flora

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28
Q

In general, how is neonatal diarrhea treated?

A

Treat the baby pigs - the entire litter
Be aggressive
Keep the temperature comfortable so that they do not get cold

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29
Q

How is neonatal diarrhea preveneted?

A

Focus on the sows - vaccination or oral feedback

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30
Q

Classic post weaning diarrhea is caused by what?

A

E. coli

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31
Q

Pre-wean diarrhea is (non-hemolytic, hemolytic). Post-wean diarrhea is (non-hemolytic, hemolytic).

A

Non-hemolytic

Hemolytic

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32
Q

What is the most common antigen type of E. coli associated with post weaning diarrhea in the US? When does it show up (age wise)?

A

F18 - 21 days of age

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33
Q

What ddx need to be considered with post weaning diarrhea?

A

Endemic TGE or PED or Porcine Delta Coronavirus

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34
Q

Historically post weaning diarrhea occurs when? Now when does it occur?

A

Historically - right after weaning

Now - 2-3 weeks into the nursery

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35
Q

What are the enterotoxins that E. coli produces?

A

STa, STb, LT, and Stx2e

36
Q

Edema disease is caused by what?

A

E. coli - Stx2e toxins specifically (systemic effects)

37
Q

How is edema disease diagnosed?

A

PCR - pilli, adhesions, toxins

38
Q

What systems is post weaning diarrhea a major problem in?

A

Large systems

39
Q

What can predispose pigs to post-weaning diarrhea?

A 
Chilling
Poor diet quality
Changes in feed and medication
Poor sanitation
Change in feeding mats
40
Q

How is post-weaning diarrhea treated?

A

Oral medication

41
Q

What are the rule outs for post weaning diarrhea?

A

Carry over - Coccidiosis, Rotavirus

Endemic TGE/PED

42
Q

How is post weaning diarrhea prevented?

A 
Environment
Sanitation
Vaccination
Feed
Antibiotics
43
Q

What causes ileitis in swine?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

44
Q

What is ileitis also known as?

A

Porcine proliferative enteropathy

45
Q

What are the three main forms of porcine proliferative enteropathy?

A

Porcine intestinal adenomatosis
Necrotic form
Acute hemorrhagic form

46
Q

What form of porcine proliferative enteropathy is associated with sudden death?

A

The acute hemorrhagic form

47
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ileitis?

A

Poor doing pig
Diarrhea - orange tinge suggestive of partially digested blood
Increased number of cull or light weight pigs

48
Q

Why are pigs with ileitis poor doing?

A

Due to mal-absorption and/or a protein losing enteropathy

49
Q

What antibiotics work for treatment of ileitis?

A

Tylosin, Tiamulin, Lincomycin, and Carbadox

50
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat the acute hemorrhagic form of ileitis?

A

Tylosin and Tiamulin

51
Q

How is ileitis controlled?

A

MLV product or a killed vaccine

52
Q

T/F: Timing and handling of the Lawsonia vaccine is critical

A

True

53
Q

How is ileitis treated?

A

Vaccination

Prevention through antibiotics

54
Q

What is the etiologic agent of swine dystentery?

A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

55
Q

What are the characteristics of swine dysentery?

A

Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, marked inflammation, large intestine only

56
Q

What population is swine dysentery found in?

A

Grow finishing pigs

57
Q

How is swine dysentery prevented?

A

RODENT CONTROL
Negative replacement stock
Wean < 21 days

58
Q

How is swine dysentery treated?

A

Medication, sanitation, rodent control

59
Q

What primarily causes salmonellosis?

A

Salmonella cholerasuis

60
Q

What other Salmonella species can cause diarrhea?

A

Salmonella typhimurium

61
Q

What often induces Salmonellosis?

A

Stress or poor environment

62
Q

What clinical signs are associated with salmonellosis?

A

Severe lethargy +/- fever
Purple discoloration of ears and belly - septicemia
Diarrhea +/- blood
Pneumonia

63
Q

What lesions are associated with salmonellosis?

A 
PNEUMONIA (wet lungs)
Splenomegaly
Inflamed intestine
Button ulcers on mucosal surface (especially in colon)
Hemorrhagic lymph nodes
64
Q

How is salmonellosis diagnosed?

A

Via culture

65
Q

How is salmonellosis controlled?

A

Vaccination against S. cholerasuis +/- S. typhimurium

Control (primary focus)

66
Q

Do MLV or killed vaccines against salmonella have a higher efficacy?

A

MLV

67
Q

How is salmonellosis treated?

A

Vaccination
Antibiotics
Sanitation

68
Q

What is hemorrhagic bowl syndrome?

A

Consistent clinical signs and/or lesions, but the cause is unknown

69
Q

What is the common presentation of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Older (>150 lb) finishing pigs found dead +/- a bloated abdomen

70
Q

What post-mortem lesions are associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Uniform hemorrhagic appearance of the entire gut or small intestines only
Lumen content hemorrhagic and not clotting
No palpable volvulus of the mesenteric root

71
Q

When do gastric ulcers occur?

A

Pigs will start of develop erosions of the non-glandular portion of the stomach within 24-48 hours of feed removal

72
Q

T/F: Gastric ulcer erosion can vary from superficial to complete penetrating

A

True

73
Q

What do acute cases of gastric ulcers look like?

A

A pig is found dead with a large blood clot in the stomach

Anemic - very pale

74
Q

What do subacute cases of gastric ulcers look like?

A

Pig found dead or live but very sick with blood in small intestine but no inflammation of intestine

75
Q

What do chronic cases of gastric ulcers look like?

A

Guant pig with black, tarry looking stool

Pale appearance - anemia

76
Q

What lesions are associated with gastric ulcers?

A

Non-glandular portion of the stomach where the esophagus enters is eroded

77
Q

What does perforation of gastric ulcers result in?

A

Local or generalized peritonitis

78
Q

What can predispose pigs to gastric ulcers?

A

Other diseases that cause reduced appetite
Feed is not available
Fine grind to corn
Pellet diets

79
Q

Gastric ulcers are a common cause of what groups mortality?

A

End stage finisher mortality

80
Q

What is the whipworm species that affects swine?

A

Trichuris suis

81
Q

Where do whipworms live?

A

In the large intestine and cecum

82
Q

What clinical signs are associated with whipworms?

A

Diarrhea +/- blood

Poor doing pigs

83
Q

What pre-disposes pigs to whipworms?

A

Dirt lot environment

Low protein diets

84
Q

What treatment is not recommended for whipworms?

A

Avermectins

85
Q

T/F: Liver scars due to roundworms will heal themselves.

A

True and they will develop immunity

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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