Unit 4 - Enteric Flashcards
What can cause a sow to be off of feed for 1.5-2 days?
Room temperature is not 65 F Wetting feed Provide starter feed Vitamin B12 injection Exercise Check body temperature
Mastitis metritis agalactia the garbage can diagnosis for what?
Sows that are off-feed, febrile, and not milking well +/- specific signs
How do sows with mastitis present?
They have warm, enlarged, and sensitive glands
The sow lies on belly and off-feed
The respective piglets are hungry, gant, and may have diarrhea
Constipation is a prolonged period without defecation. When does it typically occur?
24-36 hours after farrowing
What should be done to aid in identifying constipated sows?
Remove feces from behind the sow at farrowing
How can you relieve or prevent constipation?
Exercise, feeding, manual removal, soap enema, and laxatives
What are important things to know about colostrum in pigs?
Both quality and quantity count
Birth to suckle time is critical
Length of labor matters
What is our job in regards to colostrum?
Maximize individual and litter intake
Intervene if labor is prolonged
Ensure effective cross fostering
T/F: 6 hours post partum milk and serum colostrum serum levels should be equal, 48 hours later serum colostrum levels will be higher than milk
True
How soon should piglets get colostrum?
6 hours
How long is the average time to first suckle?
29 +/- 2 minutes
Aside from immunity, what other roles does colostrum play?
It provides energy, intestinal physiology, and can increase absorptive capabilities
What antibody is in colostrum?
IgG
How is IgG from colostrum absorbed??
Systemically
What antibody is always present in milk?
IgA
How long is IgA from milk protective?
As long as a pig nurses
What are the ddx for neonatal diarrhea?
E. coli Rotavirus TGE PED and/or Porcine Delta Coronavirus Coccidiosis Clostridium perfringens c and A Clostridoides difficile
What is the etiologic agent for coccidiosis in swien?
Cystoisospora suis
What is the minimum age for coccidiosis to occur?
5 days
T/F: Marquis is the only approve treatment for coccidiosis in swine.
False - There are no approved treatments, but marquis has proven successful
What is the etiologic agent of Rot gut?
Clostrdium perfringens
Acutely, what does C. perfringens cause?
Bloody diarrhea
Chronically, what does C. perfringens cause?
Rope gut
What ddx should be considered with C. perfringens?
coccidiosis
How is C. perfringens prevented?
Vaccination pre-farrow
Feed sows BMD 14 days pre-farrow and lactation
The incidence of Clostridioides difficile is associated with what?
Antibiotic use
How do you treat C. difficile?
Discontinue antibiotics to re-establish normal microbial flora
In general, how is neonatal diarrhea treated?
Treat the baby pigs - the entire litter
Be aggressive
Keep the temperature comfortable so that they do not get cold
How is neonatal diarrhea preveneted?
Focus on the sows - vaccination or oral feedback
Classic post weaning diarrhea is caused by what?
E. coli
Pre-wean diarrhea is (non-hemolytic, hemolytic). Post-wean diarrhea is (non-hemolytic, hemolytic).
Non-hemolytic
Hemolytic
What is the most common antigen type of E. coli associated with post weaning diarrhea in the US? When does it show up (age wise)?
F18 - 21 days of age
What ddx need to be considered with post weaning diarrhea?
Endemic TGE or PED or Porcine Delta Coronavirus
Historically post weaning diarrhea occurs when? Now when does it occur?
Historically - right after weaning
Now - 2-3 weeks into the nursery
What are the enterotoxins that E. coli produces?
STa, STb, LT, and Stx2e
Edema disease is caused by what?
E. coli - Stx2e toxins specifically (systemic effects)
How is edema disease diagnosed?
PCR - pilli, adhesions, toxins
What systems is post weaning diarrhea a major problem in?
Large systems
What can predispose pigs to post-weaning diarrhea?
Chilling Poor diet quality Changes in feed and medication Poor sanitation Change in feeding mats
How is post-weaning diarrhea treated?
Oral medication
What are the rule outs for post weaning diarrhea?
Carry over - Coccidiosis, Rotavirus
Endemic TGE/PED
How is post weaning diarrhea prevented?
Environment Sanitation Vaccination Feed Antibiotics
What causes ileitis in swine?
Lawsonia intracellularis
What is ileitis also known as?
Porcine proliferative enteropathy
What are the three main forms of porcine proliferative enteropathy?
Porcine intestinal adenomatosis
Necrotic form
Acute hemorrhagic form
What form of porcine proliferative enteropathy is associated with sudden death?
The acute hemorrhagic form
What clinical signs are associated with ileitis?
Poor doing pig
Diarrhea - orange tinge suggestive of partially digested blood
Increased number of cull or light weight pigs
Why are pigs with ileitis poor doing?
Due to mal-absorption and/or a protein losing enteropathy
What antibiotics work for treatment of ileitis?
Tylosin, Tiamulin, Lincomycin, and Carbadox
What antibiotics are used to treat the acute hemorrhagic form of ileitis?
Tylosin and Tiamulin
How is ileitis controlled?
MLV product or a killed vaccine
T/F: Timing and handling of the Lawsonia vaccine is critical
True
How is ileitis treated?
Vaccination
Prevention through antibiotics
What is the etiologic agent of swine dystentery?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
What are the characteristics of swine dysentery?
Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, marked inflammation, large intestine only
What population is swine dysentery found in?
Grow finishing pigs
How is swine dysentery prevented?
RODENT CONTROL
Negative replacement stock
Wean < 21 days
How is swine dysentery treated?
Medication, sanitation, rodent control
What primarily causes salmonellosis?
Salmonella cholerasuis
What other Salmonella species can cause diarrhea?
Salmonella typhimurium
What often induces Salmonellosis?
Stress or poor environment
What clinical signs are associated with salmonellosis?
Severe lethargy +/- fever
Purple discoloration of ears and belly - septicemia
Diarrhea +/- blood
Pneumonia
What lesions are associated with salmonellosis?
PNEUMONIA (wet lungs) Splenomegaly Inflamed intestine Button ulcers on mucosal surface (especially in colon) Hemorrhagic lymph nodes
How is salmonellosis diagnosed?
Via culture
How is salmonellosis controlled?
Vaccination against S. cholerasuis +/- S. typhimurium
Control (primary focus)
Do MLV or killed vaccines against salmonella have a higher efficacy?
MLV
How is salmonellosis treated?
Vaccination
Antibiotics
Sanitation
What is hemorrhagic bowl syndrome?
Consistent clinical signs and/or lesions, but the cause is unknown
What is the common presentation of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Older (>150 lb) finishing pigs found dead +/- a bloated abdomen
What post-mortem lesions are associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Uniform hemorrhagic appearance of the entire gut or small intestines only
Lumen content hemorrhagic and not clotting
No palpable volvulus of the mesenteric root
When do gastric ulcers occur?
Pigs will start of develop erosions of the non-glandular portion of the stomach within 24-48 hours of feed removal
T/F: Gastric ulcer erosion can vary from superficial to complete penetrating
True
What do acute cases of gastric ulcers look like?
A pig is found dead with a large blood clot in the stomach
Anemic - very pale
What do subacute cases of gastric ulcers look like?
Pig found dead or live but very sick with blood in small intestine but no inflammation of intestine
What do chronic cases of gastric ulcers look like?
Guant pig with black, tarry looking stool
Pale appearance - anemia
What lesions are associated with gastric ulcers?
Non-glandular portion of the stomach where the esophagus enters is eroded
What does perforation of gastric ulcers result in?
Local or generalized peritonitis
What can predispose pigs to gastric ulcers?
Other diseases that cause reduced appetite
Feed is not available
Fine grind to corn
Pellet diets
Gastric ulcers are a common cause of what groups mortality?
End stage finisher mortality
What is the whipworm species that affects swine?
Trichuris suis
Where do whipworms live?
In the large intestine and cecum
What clinical signs are associated with whipworms?
Diarrhea +/- blood
Poor doing pigs
What pre-disposes pigs to whipworms?
Dirt lot environment
Low protein diets
What treatment is not recommended for whipworms?
Avermectins
T/F: Liver scars due to roundworms will heal themselves.
True and they will develop immunity
