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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 2 - Forestomach and Abomasum Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Forestomach and Abomasum Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two forms of primary indigestion?

A

Abnormal reticulorumen contents with dysfunction of microbes and biochemical fermentation

Reticulorumen motor dysfunction (diseases of the rumen wall, neuromuscular function, or impedance of ingesta passage)

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2
Q

What can cause indigestion by causing dysfunction of microbes and biochemical fermentation?

A

Simple indigestions, rumen impaction, grain overload, and putrefaction of the rumen

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3
Q

What can cause reticulorumen motor dysfunction?

A

Frothy and other types of bloat
Reticulitis/rumenitis
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Vagal indigestions

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4
Q

What causes secondary indigestion?

A

Systemic illnesses/conditions - endotoxemia, tetanus, and hypocalcemia

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5
Q

Prolonged ruminal stasis (anorexia) is the most common result of what?

A

Subacute or chronic disorders such as microbial or fermentative indigestions, TRP, and secondary indigestions

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6
Q

What findings are consistent with prolonged ruminal stasis?

A

Reduced rumen fill, ‘tucked-up’ appearance, and firm, doughy contents ventrally

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7
Q

What is ‘simple’ indigestion?

A

It is a general term for a poorly defined entity of inappetance, decreased reticulorumen motility, and abnormal feces, with a nonspecific cause that involves intake of abnormal feed

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8
Q

How are simple indigestions treated?

A

Transfaunation (if available)
Good quality hay
Laxitives - be careful
Gradual reintroduction of concentrates

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9
Q

How long does rumen fluid last at room temperature?

A

1/2 day

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10
Q

How long does rumen fluid last in the refrigerator?

A

24 hours

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11
Q

What can be put on top of rumen fluid to keep it anaerobic?

A

A thin layer of mineral oil

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12
Q

Why do you need to make sure to vent the container that has collected rumen in it?

A

Because it fill with gas and probably explode - stinky stinky

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13
Q

What will the rumen look like and feel if there is ruminal inactivity with indigestible roughage?

A

The rumen will be distended with firm, doughy contents that accumulate ventrally; recurrent free gas bloat often present

Hay belly

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14
Q

How do you treat ‘hay belly’?

A

Improve forage quality
Restrict diet to readily digestible feed in small meals
Traunsfaunate repeatedly
B vitamin supplementation
Laxatives and dissolution of contents
Very impacted rumen (and abomasum) may need to be emptied

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15
Q

What cows typically are rumen drinkers?

A

They are chronic poor doing calves that have a poor transition during weaning and have a failure of esophageal groove

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16
Q

What does a chronic poor doing calf look like?

A 
It has a long hair coat and poor BCS
It has abnormal, pasty feces
Mild, chronic bloat
Potbellied abdomen, flaccid
Tinkling fluid sounds on succussion of rumen, and/or pings of rumen origin
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17
Q

What will the rumen fluid of a rumen drinker be like?

A

Grey, foul odor, pH of 7.5-8.5, and no protozoa

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18
Q

How are rumen drinkers treated?

A 
Remove abnormal rumen contents
Correct dehydration
Transfaunation
B vitamins
Feed management - green grass, calf starter, and wean the calf if appropriate
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19
Q

What is grain overload?

A

A ruminal microbial fermentative disorder caused by rapid changes in fermentable CHO in the rumen

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20
Q

What can cause rapid changes in fermentable CHO available in the rumen?

A

Interruptions in feed delivery, too rapid step-up, accidental exposure
Cereal grains
Byproducts, bakery waste, fruits; high-quality vegetative pastures

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21
Q

Grain overload can be just ______ indigestion or it can be life threatening ____ and death.

A

simple; toxemia

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22
Q

What is the range of clinical signs associated with grain overload?

A

Anorexia, mildly distended rumen, mild colic, and diarrhea

More severely recumbency, ataxia, blindness, and cardiovascular collapse

23
Q

How can fermentation of CHO result in acidosis?

A
  1. Rapid fermentation of CHO and production of lactic acid decreases rumen pH
  2. Alteration in microbial populations with overgrowth of S. bovis, death of cellulolytic bacterial spp, and protozoa and eventually lactobacilli dominate
  3. Abundance of VFA (weak acids) with systemic absorption; increased osmolality of rumen leads to circulatory failure
  4. D- and L-lactate produced
24
Q

What causes systemic acidosis?

A

VFAs, L and D lactate

25
Q

What does systemic acidosis result in?

A

shock - reduced GFR, poor perfusion, hypoxic tissue, etc.

26
Q

Aside from VFAs and lactic acid, what other toxins are liberated from the rumen?

A

Histamine

LPS from dying gram negative bacteria

27
Q

How is rumen acidosis diagnosed?

A 
History and risk factors
Rumen pH <5
Shift to gram positive flora
Blood gas pH <7.2 - severe, poor prognosis
Urine pH acidic
28
Q

How is rumen acidosis treated?

A 
Oral lavage
Rumenotomy
Rumen buffers - Mg hydroxide
IV fluids containing sodium bicarb
Transfaunation
NSAIDs, parenteral abx
B vitamins - especially thiamine
29
Q

What are potential sequelae of rumen acidosis?

A 
Polioencephalomalacia
Liver abscesses
Bacteremia elsewhere
Laminitis
Rumenitis
Mycotic rumentitis
30
Q

What has a high potential for causing frothy bloats?

A

Alfalfa, sweet clover, red clover, and winter wheat

31
Q

What has a medium potential for causing frothy bloats?

A

Oats and perennial rye grass

32
Q

What are the components to frothy bloats?

A

Small particles in rumen contents, rapid digestibility, rumen microbes, and foam-promoting compounds

33
Q

What is the pathogenesis of frothy bloats?

A

There is a breakdown of chloroplasts, soluble proteins, and very fine particles
There is rapid microbial growth results in the production of mucopolysaccharide (slime)
Gas is continuously released

34
Q

What other disease process can predispose a cow to bloat?

A

Acidosis

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with frothy bloats?

A 
Stable foam at cardia
Asymmetrical abdominal distension (looks like an apple)
Signs of colic
Respiratory compromise
Lack of venous return
Death w/in 30 minutes - 4 hours
36
Q

When you pass a tube in a patient with frothy bloat, what will come out of the tube?

A

Stable foam and lack of free gas

37
Q

How is bloat diagnosed?

A 
Marked distension of the rumen
Frothy, stable rumen contents
Congestion of head and neck
Pallor of the abdominal viscera and hind limbs
\+/- a bloat line
38
Q

How is frothy bloat treated?

A

Attempt to tube
Antifoaming agents
Remove offending diet, NPO
Emergency rumenotomy

39
Q

What antifoaming agents can be used for frothy bloat?

A

Poloxalene
Mineral or vegetable oil
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

40
Q

How is frothy bloat prevented?

A

It is a management issue - properly manage the ration, bunk, and pasture

41
Q

What is type I vagal indigestion?

A

Failure of eructation

42
Q

What is type II vagal indigestion?

A

Failure of omasal transport

43
Q

What is type III vagal indigestion?

A

Failure of pyloric transport/pyloric outflow obstruction

44
Q

What is type IV vagal indigestion?

A

Late gestation/partial pyloric obstruction/generalized ileus

45
Q

How does type I vagal indigestion appear?

A

Distension on the left flank (not from increased gas production)
Ruminal tympany

46
Q

What can cause type I vagal indigestion?

A

Choke, frothy bloats, respiratory disease, damage to rumen wall + sensory innervation at the cardia, and extraluminal masses anywhere along the esophagus

47
Q

What does type II vagal indigestion look like?

A

Bilateral abdominal distension (papple) and an L shaped rumen

48
Q

What is the main cause of type II vagal indigestion?

A

Hardware disease

49
Q

Aside from hardware disease, what else can cause type II vagal indigestion?

A

foreign bodies or masses

50
Q

What does type III vagal indigestion look like?

A

Bilateral abdominal distension (papple)

51
Q

What can cause type III vagal indigestion?

A

Hardware disease, abomasal damage after abomasal volvulus, lymphoma, abomasal impactions, and iatrogenic causes

52
Q

What iatrogenic causes can cause type III vagal indigestion?

A

toggle sutures and inappropriate pyloropexy

53
Q

What does type IV vagal indigestion look like?

A

Pear shaped

54
Q

What can cause type IV vagal indigestion?

A

Late pregnancy, partial pyloric outflow obstruction, proximal intestinal obstruction, and ileus

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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