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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 1 - Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal components of the ruminant eye anatomy?

A

Upper and lower lacrimal puncta, horizontal pupil, dorsal and ventral papillary ruff, tapetum with ‘stars of winslow’ and holangiotic fundus

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2
Q

What are the normal components of camelid eye anatomy?

A

They are like ruminants but they are atapetal

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3
Q

What are the normal components of the swine eye anatomy?

A

Upper lacrimal punctum, round pupil when dilated, atapetal, and holangiotic fundus

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4
Q

What is microphthalmia?

A

Born with an abnormally small globe

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5
Q

What are the potential causes of microphthalmia?

A

Infectious, toxic, nutritional, environmental, or inherited factors could all be a cause

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6
Q

What teratogenic agents cause congenital eye conditions?

A

Veratrum californicum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bluetongue virus

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7
Q

What does Veratrum californicum cause and in what species?

A

Cyclopia (if ingested at 14 days of gestation) in lambs

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8
Q

What ocular defects can BVD cause?

A

Blindness, nystagmus, microphthalmos, corneal lesions, PPMs, cataracts, retinal dysplasia, chorioretinitis/retinal degeneration, and optic atrophy

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9
Q

What can Bluetongue virus cause and in what species?

A

Blindness, chorioretinitis, and retinal dysplasia in lambs

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10
Q

What congenital defects can occur to cattle nasolacrimal systems?

A

Supernumerary openings

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11
Q

What congenital conditions can camelids get in their nasolacrimal system?

A

Duct or punctal atresia

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12
Q

What is a dermoid?

A

A congenital plaque of differentiated skin in an abnormal location

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13
Q

Where are dermoids most commonly found in large animals?

A

Temporal limbus

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14
Q

What is the treatment of a small, hair-free dermoid?

A

None

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15
Q

What is the treatment of a painful dermoid or a dermoid that impairs vision?

A

Superficial keratectomy

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16
Q

What is entropion?

A

Eyelid inversion

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17
Q

What sequela can happen due to skin/hairs irritating the eye in patients with entropion?

A

Squinting and tearing, corneal ulceration, or blindness

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18
Q

What lid is commonly affected by entropion in large animals?

A

the lower lid

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19
Q

What species is entropion common in? How is it spread?

A

Sheep - congenital or early onset

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20
Q

How is entropion treated in young animals?

A

Temporary eversion

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21
Q

What are the methods of temporary eversion in entropion?

A

Vertical mattress tacking sutures
Metal clips or skin staples
Eyelid injection

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22
Q

How is entropion treated in mature animals?

A

Surgical correction - Hotz-Celsus or other techniques

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23
Q

What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that is icteric?

A

yellow

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24
Q

What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that is anemic?

A

white

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25
Q

What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that has hypoproteinemia?

A

Billowy - it will be edematous and swollen

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26
Q

What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that has thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, or septicemia?

A

It will be petechiated

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27
Q

What clinical signs are associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

A

Ocular signs +/- respiratory disease

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28
Q

What ocular findings will you see with IBR?

A

Conjunctivitis with serous to mucopurulent discharge
White conjunctival plaques
Keratitis +/- anterior uveitis

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29
Q

What disease may IBR occur concurrently with?

A

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)

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30
Q

What is the disease course of IBR?

A

2-4 weeks

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31
Q

What is the causative agent of IBK?

A

Moraxella bovis

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32
Q

How is Moraxella bovis transmitted?

A

contact, handlers, formites, and face fly vectors

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33
Q

What are the contributing factors to IBK development?

A

UV radiation, dry environment, shipping stress, and face flies

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34
Q

What breeds are more susceptible to IBK?

A

Bos taurus breeds

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35
Q

What breeds of cattle most commonly get IBK?

A

Herefords and Hereford crosses

36
Q

Do old or young cattle get IBK more commonly?

A

Young

37
Q

How does IBK originally present?

A

An acute disease which spreads rapidly

38
Q

What season has the highest incidence of IBK?

A

Summer

39
Q

Why do cases of IBK decrease in the fall?

A

Less susceptible calves, fewer vectors, and less enhancing factors

40
Q

What clinical findings are associated with IBK?

A

It is unilateral or bilateral
Mucopurulent exudate, conjunctivitis, central corneal lesion (ulcer), corneal vascularization +/- granulation tissue, secondary uveitis, and corneal rupture if continued active ulceration

41
Q

How does IBK cause economic loss?

A

The affected animals become anorexic due to pain +/- blindness

42
Q

True or False: IBK is self-limiting

A

True - for 4-6 weeks

43
Q

How is IBK treated?

A

Minimize production losses, cover affected eyes, antibiotics, and medications for uveitis

44
Q

How do you minimize production losses in cases of IBK?

A

Prevent the spread, reduce the exposure to enhancing factors, shorten the course of disease with antibiotic treatment, and alleviate pain with atropine and systemic NSAIDs

45
Q

How can you cover the IBK affected eyes?

A

Pinkeye patch, third eyelid flap, or temporary tarsorrhaphy

46
Q

What does covering the eye in IBK patients not treat?

A

healing of the ulcer

47
Q

What labled systemic antibiotics could be used for IBK?

A

Oxytetracycline (LA-200) and Tulathromycin (Draxxin)

48
Q

True or False: Steroids should be added to treatment of IBK

A

False

49
Q

What should be used for reflex uveitis in IBK spaces?

A

topical atropine or systemic flunixin meglumine

50
Q

What management strategies can be used for prevention of IBK?

A

Fly control, temporary isolation of new animals, provide shaded areas, prior vaccination against IBR, and M. bovis bacterins

51
Q

What causative agents cause infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

Chlamydia and Mycoplasma spp. +/- others

52
Q

What may exacerbate infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

UV light

53
Q

What ocular lesions are associated with infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

The same that are associated with IBR and IBK in cattle

54
Q

How is infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis treated?

A

Isolate and let it run its course or treat with topical or systemic oxytetracycline

55
Q

How are camelid corneal ulcers managed?

A

Like companion animal ulcers are, not cattle

56
Q

What is ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) associated with in the eye?

A

periocular depigmentation

57
Q

What are some risk factors for OSCC formation?

A

UV radiation, age (older), and genetic predilection (Herefords)

58
Q

What clinical findings are associated with OSCC?

A

Pink to red lesions that are unilateral or bilateral
Any ocular or periocular location
Precursor lesions
Possible metastasis

59
Q

What are the precursor lesions for OSCC?

A

Hyperplastic plaque, papulloma, noninvasive carcinoma, and keratoma

60
Q

How is OSCC diagnosed?

A

Appearance, cytology, and biopsy

61
Q

What are the most common treatments for OSCC?

A

Surgical excision, cryotherapy, enucleation/exenteration, or Euthanasia/slaughter

62
Q

What other disease process is uveitis common with?

A

septicemia

63
Q

What septicemic conditions in neonates can cause uveitis?

A

Umbilical infection, pneumonia, scours, etc.

64
Q

What septicemic conditions in adults can cause uveitis?

A

Severe mastitis, metritis, and reticuloperitonitis

65
Q

What clinical signs are associated with uveitis?

A

Pain, photophobia, hypopyon, miosis, swollen iris, peripheral corneal edema and vessels

66
Q

What secondary changes are associated with uveitis?

A

glaucoma, cataract, and phthisis bulbi

67
Q

How is uveitis treated?

A

Topical steroids, topical atropine, flunixin meglumine

Address underlying cause if known

68
Q

Malignant Catarrhal Fever is an (acute/chronic) disease with (low/high) mortality.

A

acute, low

69
Q

How does the head and eye form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever present?

A

Anterior uveitis and corneal edema

70
Q

What indicates a poor prognosis in the head and eye form of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Progression of edema and lack of uveitis improvement

71
Q

What can cause cataracts in large animals?

A

Congenital and genetic, nutrition, or secondary to inflammation, toxins, and metabolic disease

72
Q

What are cataracts a sequelae to?

A

anterior uveitis and trauma

73
Q

What can cause blindness in large animals?

A

Optical axis impediments, retinal or optic nerve disease, and cortical blindness

74
Q

What can cause retinal or optic nerve blindness?

A

Congenital conditions, infectious diseases, toxins, or deficiencies

75
Q

What can cause cortical blindness in large animals?

A

Polioencephalomalacia and lead toxicity

76
Q

What causes ocular cellulitis/abscess in large animals?

A

Trauma, foreign-body migration, infection, or chronic frontal sinusitis in cattle

77
Q

What does cellulitis/abscess of the eye result in?

A

exophthalmos

78
Q

How is ocular cellulitis/abscess treated?

A

Treat the underlying cause, drain abscess, and antibiotics

79
Q

What is the most common bovine ocular neoplasia?

A

lymphosarcoma

80
Q

What ocular surgeries are common in cattle?

A

Enucleation and exenteration for neoplasia

81
Q

What nerve blocks can be done for ocular surgeries?

A

Auricular palpebral nerve block, local lidocaine block, or a four-point block

82
Q

What does the auriculopalpebral nerve block cause to the eyelid?

A

akinesia

83
Q

How is the auriculopalpebral nerve block done?

A

Inject lidocaine SQ where the nerve crosses the zygomatic arch (5-7 cm caudal to supraorbital process)

84
Q

What is the local lidocaine block used for?

A

eyelid anesthesia during surgery

85
Q

When is the four-point block used in cattle?

A

for enucleatuion

86
Q

How is the four-point block done?

A

Insert 6 cm needle transconjunctivally adjacent to the globe dorsal, medial, ventral, and lateral
inject 5-10 mLs of lidocaine at each spot

87
Q

What is the big concern and the main reason the peterson nerve block is not done?

A

It can cause apnea and then death if injected into the vessel or nerve sheath

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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