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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 1 - Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Ophthalmology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the normal components of the ruminant eye anatomy?

A

Upper and lower lacrimal puncta, horizontal pupil, dorsal and ventral papillary ruff, tapetum with ‘stars of winslow’ and holangiotic fundus

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2
Q

What are the normal components of camelid eye anatomy?

A

They are like ruminants but they are atapetal

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3
Q

What are the normal components of the swine eye anatomy?

A

Upper lacrimal punctum, round pupil when dilated, atapetal, and holangiotic fundus

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4
Q

What is microphthalmia?

A

Born with an abnormally small globe

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5
Q

What are the potential causes of microphthalmia?

A

Infectious, toxic, nutritional, environmental, or inherited factors could all be a cause

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6
Q

What teratogenic agents cause congenital eye conditions?

A

Veratrum californicum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bluetongue virus

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7
Q

What does Veratrum californicum cause and in what species?

A

Cyclopia (if ingested at 14 days of gestation) in lambs

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8
Q

What ocular defects can BVD cause?

A

Blindness, nystagmus, microphthalmos, corneal lesions, PPMs, cataracts, retinal dysplasia, chorioretinitis/retinal degeneration, and optic atrophy

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9
Q

What can Bluetongue virus cause and in what species?

A

Blindness, chorioretinitis, and retinal dysplasia in lambs

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10
Q

What congenital defects can occur to cattle nasolacrimal systems?

A

Supernumerary openings

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11
Q

What congenital conditions can camelids get in their nasolacrimal system?

A

Duct or punctal atresia

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12
Q

What is a dermoid?

A

A congenital plaque of differentiated skin in an abnormal location

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13
Q

Where are dermoids most commonly found in large animals?

A

Temporal limbus

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14
Q

What is the treatment of a small, hair-free dermoid?

A

None

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15
Q

What is the treatment of a painful dermoid or a dermoid that impairs vision?

A

Superficial keratectomy

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16
Q

What is entropion?

A

Eyelid inversion

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17
Q

What sequela can happen due to skin/hairs irritating the eye in patients with entropion?

A

Squinting and tearing, corneal ulceration, or blindness

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18
Q

What lid is commonly affected by entropion in large animals?

A

the lower lid

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19
Q

What species is entropion common in? How is it spread?

A

Sheep - congenital or early onset

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20
Q

How is entropion treated in young animals?

A

Temporary eversion

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21
Q

What are the methods of temporary eversion in entropion?

A

Vertical mattress tacking sutures
Metal clips or skin staples
Eyelid injection

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22
Q

How is entropion treated in mature animals?

A

Surgical correction - Hotz-Celsus or other techniques

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23
Q

What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that is icteric?

A

yellow

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24
Q

What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that is anemic?

A

white

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25
What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that has hypoproteinemia?
Billowy - it will be edematous and swollen
26
What will the conjunctiva look like in a patient that has thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, or septicemia?
It will be petechiated
27
What clinical signs are associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)?
Ocular signs +/- respiratory disease
28
What ocular findings will you see with IBR?
Conjunctivitis with serous to mucopurulent discharge White conjunctival plaques Keratitis +/- anterior uveitis
29
What disease may IBR occur concurrently with?
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)
30
What is the disease course of IBR?
2-4 weeks
31
What is the causative agent of IBK?
Moraxella bovis
32
How is Moraxella bovis transmitted?
contact, handlers, formites, and face fly vectors
33
What are the contributing factors to IBK development?
UV radiation, dry environment, shipping stress, and face flies
34
What breeds are more susceptible to IBK?
Bos taurus breeds
35
What breeds of cattle most commonly get IBK?
Herefords and Hereford crosses
36
Do old or young cattle get IBK more commonly?
Young
37
How does IBK originally present?
An acute disease which spreads rapidly
38
What season has the highest incidence of IBK?
Summer
39
Why do cases of IBK decrease in the fall?
Less susceptible calves, fewer vectors, and less enhancing factors
40
What clinical findings are associated with IBK?
It is unilateral or bilateral Mucopurulent exudate, conjunctivitis, central corneal lesion (ulcer), corneal vascularization +/- granulation tissue, secondary uveitis, and corneal rupture if continued active ulceration
41
How does IBK cause economic loss?
The affected animals become anorexic due to pain +/- blindness
42
True or False: IBK is self-limiting
True - for 4-6 weeks
43
How is IBK treated?
Minimize production losses, cover affected eyes, antibiotics, and medications for uveitis
44
How do you minimize production losses in cases of IBK?
Prevent the spread, reduce the exposure to enhancing factors, shorten the course of disease with antibiotic treatment, and alleviate pain with atropine and systemic NSAIDs
45
How can you cover the IBK affected eyes?
Pinkeye patch, third eyelid flap, or temporary tarsorrhaphy
46
What does covering the eye in IBK patients not treat?
healing of the ulcer
47
What labled systemic antibiotics could be used for IBK?
Oxytetracycline (LA-200) and Tulathromycin (Draxxin)
48
True or False: Steroids should be added to treatment of IBK
False
49
What should be used for reflex uveitis in IBK spaces?
topical atropine or systemic flunixin meglumine
50
What management strategies can be used for prevention of IBK?
Fly control, temporary isolation of new animals, provide shaded areas, prior vaccination against IBR, and M. bovis bacterins
51
What causative agents cause infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis?
Chlamydia and Mycoplasma spp. +/- others
52
What may exacerbate infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis?
UV light
53
What ocular lesions are associated with infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis?
The same that are associated with IBR and IBK in cattle
54
How is infectious ovine/caprine keratoconjunctivitis treated?
Isolate and let it run its course or treat with topical or systemic oxytetracycline
55
How are camelid corneal ulcers managed?
Like companion animal ulcers are, not cattle
56
What is ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) associated with in the eye?
periocular depigmentation
57
What are some risk factors for OSCC formation?
UV radiation, age (older), and genetic predilection (Herefords)
58
What clinical findings are associated with OSCC?
Pink to red lesions that are unilateral or bilateral Any ocular or periocular location Precursor lesions Possible metastasis
59
What are the precursor lesions for OSCC?
Hyperplastic plaque, papulloma, noninvasive carcinoma, and keratoma
60
How is OSCC diagnosed?
Appearance, cytology, and biopsy
61
What are the most common treatments for OSCC?
Surgical excision, cryotherapy, enucleation/exenteration, or Euthanasia/slaughter
62
What other disease process is uveitis common with?
septicemia
63
What septicemic conditions in neonates can cause uveitis?
Umbilical infection, pneumonia, scours, etc.
64
What septicemic conditions in adults can cause uveitis?
Severe mastitis, metritis, and reticuloperitonitis
65
What clinical signs are associated with uveitis?
Pain, photophobia, hypopyon, miosis, swollen iris, peripheral corneal edema and vessels
66
What secondary changes are associated with uveitis?
glaucoma, cataract, and phthisis bulbi
67
How is uveitis treated?
Topical steroids, topical atropine, flunixin meglumine | Address underlying cause if known
68
Malignant Catarrhal Fever is an (acute/chronic) disease with (low/high) mortality.
acute, low
69
How does the head and eye form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever present?
Anterior uveitis and corneal edema
70
What indicates a poor prognosis in the head and eye form of malignant catarrhal fever?
Progression of edema and lack of uveitis improvement
71
What can cause cataracts in large animals?
Congenital and genetic, nutrition, or secondary to inflammation, toxins, and metabolic disease
72
What are cataracts a sequelae to?
anterior uveitis and trauma
73
What can cause blindness in large animals?
Optical axis impediments, retinal or optic nerve disease, and cortical blindness
74
What can cause retinal or optic nerve blindness?
Congenital conditions, infectious diseases, toxins, or deficiencies
75
What can cause cortical blindness in large animals?
Polioencephalomalacia and lead toxicity
76
What causes ocular cellulitis/abscess in large animals?
Trauma, foreign-body migration, infection, or chronic frontal sinusitis in cattle
77
What does cellulitis/abscess of the eye result in?
exophthalmos
78
How is ocular cellulitis/abscess treated?
Treat the underlying cause, drain abscess, and antibiotics
79
What is the most common bovine ocular neoplasia?
lymphosarcoma
80
What ocular surgeries are common in cattle?
Enucleation and exenteration for neoplasia
81
What nerve blocks can be done for ocular surgeries?
Auricular palpebral nerve block, local lidocaine block, or a four-point block
82
What does the auriculopalpebral nerve block cause to the eyelid?
akinesia
83
How is the auriculopalpebral nerve block done?
Inject lidocaine SQ where the nerve crosses the zygomatic arch (5-7 cm caudal to supraorbital process)
84
What is the local lidocaine block used for?
eyelid anesthesia during surgery
85
When is the four-point block used in cattle?
for enucleatuion
86
How is the four-point block done?
Insert 6 cm needle transconjunctivally adjacent to the globe dorsal, medial, ventral, and lateral inject 5-10 mLs of lidocaine at each spot
87
What is the big concern and the main reason the peterson nerve block is not done?
It can cause apnea and then death if injected into the vessel or nerve sheath

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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