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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 2 - Abomasal Ulcers, HBS, & Peritonitis > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Abomasal Ulcers, HBS, & Peritonitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is a type I abomasal ulcer?

A

Non-penetrating (sub/non-clinical)

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2
Q

What is a type II abomasal ulcer?

A

Ulcers with profuse intraluminal hemorrhage

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3
Q

What is a type III abomasal ulcer?

A

Perforation with localized peritonitis

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4
Q

What is ta type IV abomasal ulcer?

A

Perforation with generalized peritonitis

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5
Q

What cattle are at risk for abomasal ulcers?

A

High producing dairy cattle, feedlot cattle, veal calves, beef calves

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6
Q

What clinical signs are associated with type II abomasal ulcers that are not associated with tumors?

A

Melena, anemia, PCV <25%, colic, and acute death

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7
Q

What clinical signs are associated with type II abomasal ulcers that are associated with lymphoma?

A

Abomasal displacement. anorexia, intraluminal hemorrhage, dark loose stool, pale mucous membranes

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8
Q

What are the other predilection sites for lymphoma?

A

Heart, abomasum, uterus, lymph nodes, and spine

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9
Q

What are 2 forms of type III and IV ulcers?

A

Slow perforations and covered my omentum - localized

Acute perforations and no omental covering - generalized

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10
Q

What clinical signs are associated with type III and IV ulcers?

A

Anorexia, ruminal stasis, distention, abdominal pain, melena, loose/scant feces, and loss of body condition

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11
Q

What diagnostic technique will you use in the case of a type III and IV ulcer to demonstrate peritonitis?

A

abdominocentesis

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12
Q

In the case of a type III or IV ulcer, what will you ultrasound for?

A

Fibrin, effusion, and abscesses

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13
Q

What will you see on clin path for a patient with a type III or IV ulcer?

A

Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and left shift

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14
Q

How are abomasal ulcers treated?

A 
Reduce stresses
Treat concurrent diseases
Address dietary issues if present
Blood transfusions may be necessary
Broad-spectrum abx in peritonitis cases
Anti-ulcer medications
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15
Q

What anti-ulcer medications can be used for abomasal ulcer treatment?

A

Antacid - Mg hydroxide
H2 antagonists - cimetidine, ranitidine
PPI - omeprazole (calves), pantoprazole

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16
Q

What are other names for bovine lymphoma?

A

Bovine leukosis, enzootic lymphosarcoma, bovine lymphosarcoma, BLV-associated lymphoma

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of bovine lymphoma?

A

Bovine leukemia virus

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18
Q

What type of virus is the bovine leukemia virus?

A

An RNA virus that carries RNA reverse transcriptase complex

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19
Q

What cell population does BLV affect?

A

The B lymphocyte population

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20
Q

BLV viremia is detectible during the first ___ weeks of infection. Development of serological response occurs __-__ weeks after infection. ______ for BLV are lifelong. BLV can cause the development of persistent ______ and/or ______.

A 
2
2-8
antibodies
lymphocytosis
lymphosarcoma
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21
Q

T/F: Infection of BLV means that lymphoma will develop.

A

False - lymphoma can develop without infection with BLV (although rare). Lymphoma is found in <5% of BLV-infected cattle

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22
Q

____% of infected animals develop persistent lymphocytosis

A

30

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23
Q

What is the normal lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio?

A

2:1

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24
Q

BLV spreads (slow/fast) within herds. Seropositive animals may reach ___% within a herd. (Dairy/Beef) cattle have a higher incidence of BLV.

A

Slow spread
80%
Dairy - dairy also have a higher incidence of developing lymphoma

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25
Q

How is BLV transmitted (general)?

A

Horizontal and vertical (transplacental)

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26
Q

How is BLV transmitted horizontally?

A

Iatrogenic, in-contact animals, milk/colostrum, and blood (transfusions/insects)

27
Q

What are the four possible outcomes associated with BLV contact?

A
  1. Failure to become infected
  2. Establishment of permanent infection and development of detectable antibody titers
  3. Establishment of permanent infection and a persistent benign lymphocytosis
  4. Development of malignant lymphosarcoma with or without persistent lymphocytosis
28
Q

When is the incidence of development of malignant lymphosarcoma increased?

A

Around 5-8 years of age

29
Q

What is the most common presentation of BLV?

A

Sub-acute/chronic

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of peracute BLV?

A

rupture of abomasal ulcer/spleen

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of sub-acute/chronic BLV?

A

Loss of condition, anorexia, pallor, muscle weakness, and drop in production

32
Q

Once signs are evident, what is the course of disease caused by BLV?

A

2-3 weeks

33
Q

Lymphosarcoma should be a differential when you have what 2 clinical signs?

A

posterior paresis and exophthalmos

34
Q

What necropsy findings are associated with BLV?

A

Tumors dispersed at the heart, uterus, lymph node, abomasum, and spine (HULAS)
Tumors enclosed in capsular like tissue
Cut surface bulges slightly; cream-colored and friable; central necrosis may be present

35
Q

What provides a definitive diagnosis of BLV?

A

Histopath

36
Q

Ulcers that don’t bleed do what?

A

perforate

37
Q

Ulcers that don’t perforate do what?

A

bleed

38
Q

What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS)?

A

An acute enteric disease where there is segmental intraluminal hemorrhage and subsequent obstruction of the small intestine

39
Q

T/F: HBS is more common in beef cattle

A

False - its them dairy bois

40
Q

What is the case fatality rate for HBS?

A

> 85%

41
Q

What are the speculated causes of HBS?

A

Multifactorial - C. perfringens type A and Aspergillus fumigatus

42
Q

How can C. perfringens type A cause HBS?

A

The alpha and beta 2 toxin cause cleavage of phospholipids and outer cell membranes. This results in a disruption of the microvasculature, uncontrolled bleeding, and impaired mucosal permeability

43
Q

What are the risk factors for HBS?

A

Dairy
Early lactation
Second lactation or higher
Nutritional factors

44
Q

What nutritional factors are risk factors for HBS?

A 
High energy, low fiber
Silage
TMRs (total mixed rations)
Readily digestible CHO - delivers to SI
'Bloom' of C. perfringens for unknown reason
45
Q

What clinical signs are associated with HBS?

A

Massive hemorrhage and severe toxemia
Rapid progression - dead or down and dying
Depression, anorexia, and agalactia
Lack of manure production

46
Q

What PE findings will you find in a patient with HBS?

A

Cool extremities, hypothermia
Right sided ping, fluid splashing on ballottement of R caudal abdomen
Black berry jam or bloody clots
Abdominal distension

47
Q

What will you find on CBC and serum chemistry in a patient with HBS?

A

Leukocytosis and neutrophilia +/- left shift
Hemoconcentration
Elevated BUN
Elevated liver enzymes
Hyperglycemia
Metabolic alkalosis - hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia

48
Q

What is the prognosis for HBS?

A

Regardless of therapy method it is guarded

49
Q

T/F: HBS surgical therapy has a higher survival rate over medical therapy alone

A

True

50
Q

What is the preferred surgical technique for HBS?

A

manual breakdown/massage&raquo_space; enterotomy

51
Q

What medical therapy is recommended for HBS?

A

Penicillin, C perfringens type C and D antitoxin, aggressive IV fluids, NSAIDs (flunixin), and lidocaine CRI at the equine dosage

52
Q

What are the classifications of peritonitis?

A

Acute vs. chronic
Septic vs. chemical
Localized vs. generalized
Primary vs. secondary

53
Q

What can cause peritonitis?

A

Traumatic perforation, visceral rupture, abscess formation and spread/rupture, iatrogenic, and miscellaneous

54
Q

Peritonitis can cause a various degree of _____ pain, altered GI ______, progressive _________, septicemia, and ___toxemia

A

abdominal
motility
hypovolemia
endotoxemia

55
Q

What type of response is peritonitis?

A

inflammatory

56
Q

Peritonitis causes altered ______.

A

permeability - this results in ‘leakage’

57
Q

What clinical signs are associated with peritonitis?

A

Colic signs
GI stasis, abdominal distension
Reduced manure output (acute), diarrhea (chronic)
Cranial abdominal pain (reluctance to move)

58
Q

What ancillary tests are useful for cases of supsected peritonitis?

A

CBC, abdominocentesis, and ultrasound

59
Q

What abnormalities will be on the CBC in a patient with peritonitis?

A

Neutropenia (should this be philia…?) with left shift
NEutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogemia
Hemoconcentration

60
Q

What will your abdominocentesis concentrations be in a patient with peritonitis?

A

Increased protein, neutrophil, and bacteria

61
Q

How is peritonitis treated?

A

Antibiotics - broad-spectrum (beta-lactams, tetracyclines)
NSAIDs
Fluid therapy
Plasma and/or whole blood transfusions (preferred)
Transfaunation

62
Q

Is drainage recommended in cases of peritonitis?

A

If there is an identifiable and accessible abscess then yes

63
Q

Why is surgical lavage not recommended for peritonitis in cattle?

A

You run the risk of spreading infection within the abdomen, you can damage the antibiotics, and there is no advantage to adding abx

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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