Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 2 - Lameness in Cattle > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Lameness in Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Lameness is one of the most costly clinical diseases of dairy cattle.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What digits of the bovine foot supports the most weight?

A

Digits 3 and 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A.

A

Heel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

B.

A

Sole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

C.

A

White Line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

D.

A

Abaxial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

E.

A

Axial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

F.

A

Interdigital space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The white line is the junction between the ____ and the ____ of the foot.

A

Wall; sole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the laminar corium also known as?

A

The suspensory apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the laminar corium do?

A

It suspends P3 within the claw capsule and produces horn of the white line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The laminar corium interdigitates with what?

A

The lamelae of the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What claw lesions typically cause lameness?

A

Sole ulcers, white line disease abscessation, traumatic lesions of the sole, and foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do sole ulcers always occur and what do they result from?

A

At the heel-sole junction resulting from the pressure into the sole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is white line disease?

A

When an abscess occurs within the white line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What traumatic lesions of the sole can result in lameness?

A

Holes in the sole that reach the corium caused by sharp objects on floors

Foreign bodies that make contact with the solar or perioplic corium

Breaks in the sole caused by excessive wear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a sole abscess?

A

Any and all of the following can abscess - sole ulcers, white line disease, traumatic lesions of the sole, and foreign bodies

The point is - a sole abscess can occur as a sequelae of any of these things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: An abscess is a diagnosis.

A

False - an abscess is a condition that occurs secondary to a sole ulcer, white line disease, and traumatic lesions of the sole - it is not a diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

90% of lameness is in the _____, 90% of that involves the ______ _____, of that, nearly 90% involves the ______ _____.

A

Foot; rear feet; outside claw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two main components of claw disorders?

A

Mechanical and metabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What mechanical causes can result in sole ulcers and white line disease?

A

Overgrowth, overloading, and excess weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What metabolic causes can result in sole ulcers and white line disease?

A

Rumen acidosis, enzyme induced, and hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can metabolic processes result in sole ulcers and white line disease?

A

The suspensory apparatus becomes weakened and there is sinking and rotation of P3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What part of the claw will have the most overgrowth?

A

The more weight bearing part of the claw - which just so happens to be the outer claw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What enzymes can result in sole ulcers and white line disease?

A

metalloproteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the risk factors for the metabolic component of claw disorders?

A

Carbohydrate feeding - rumen acidosis

Peri-partum period - activation of MMP and hormonal changes

Excessive time standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MMP-9 is associated with ______ induced laminitis.

A

acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pro MMP-2 causes what?

A

Physiological/pathological remodeling of connecctive tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When is MMP-2 activated?

A

During the peri-partum period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What peripartum hormonal effects can result in lameness?

A

Weakness by hormonal changes at or around calving (estrogen and relaxin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do cows present with acute laminitis?

A

Camped under posture - arched back, tender-footed, and extreme reluctance to walk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does chronic laminitis affect the horn?

A

It accelerates horn growth resulting in overgrowth of the toe and walls and permanent disfiguration of the hoof

33
Q

What occurs during phase 1 of laminitis?

A

Release of vasoactive substances, impaired blood flow to the corium, with degeneration and weakening of the suspensory apparatus

34
Q

What occurs during phase 2 of laminitis?

A

Sinking or the downward displacement of P3 and compression-related injury of the corium and digital cushion underneath

35
Q

What occurs during phase 3 of laminitis?

A

Characterized claw horn lesions - hemorrhages, WLD, and sole ulcers

36
Q

When is the onset of phase 3 of laminitis?

A

8-9 weeks after the onset of phase 1

37
Q

Describe the suspensory apparatus of the bovine claw.

A

P3 is fixed in position by a series of collagen fiber bundles that run from the zone of insertion on the surface of the bone to the basement membranes

38
Q

What is laminitis in regards to the suspensory apparatus?

A

The loosening, weakening, and/or elongation of the collagen fiber bundles leads to sinking of P3

39
Q

What forms the horn of the white line?

A

the laminar coreum

40
Q

How does standing on hard flooring surfaces affect the suspensory apparatus?

A

It causes stretching, elongation, hemorrhage, and inflammation

41
Q

What does standing on hard flooring surfaces result in?

A

Hemorrhages in the white line and poorer quality white line horn

42
Q

Prevalence of sole ulcers and white line disease was significantly associated with the thickness of what?

A

The digital cushion

43
Q

Thickness of the digital cushion is highly correlated with what?

A

Body condition scores

44
Q

Following the sinkage of P3 what happens to the digital cushion?

A

The fat content is substantially reduced and it is replaced by collagenous connective tissue and less fat

45
Q

Bottom line: ______ cows get lame.

A

thin

46
Q

For most claw lesions, what is the appropriate treatment?

A

Corrective trimming and a foot block to the healthy claw to relieve weight bearing on the injured claw

47
Q

What is the purpose of corrective trimming of the hoof?

A

Removal of all loose horn around the lesion

48
Q

How do hoof wounds heal?

A

By second intention - the wound is left open and allowed to close by epithelization and contraction

49
Q

There are ___ phases to hoof wound healing.

A

4

50
Q

What is the first phase of hoof wound healing?

A

Hemorrhage and blood clot formation

51
Q

What is the second phase of hoof wound healing?

A

Inflammatory phase where WBC phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris at the site of injury

52
Q

What is the third phase of hoof wound healing?

A

Proliferative phase - characterized by angiogenesis, fibroplasia, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and tissue contraction

53
Q

What is the fourth phase of wound healing?

A

Remodeling phase - the formation of a scar and lesion contraction

54
Q

Epithelialization begins at _____ _______ and continues _______.

A

Wound edges; centripetally

55
Q

What is the objective in wound healing?

A

The rapid unimpended re-epithelialization of the lesion

56
Q

The clinical indicator of an interference with wound healing is the formation of what?

A

exuberant granulation tissue

57
Q

What is the multimodal approach to pain management in lameness cases?

A
  1. Use a IV regional or ring block for corrective trimming and tx
  2. Avoid damaging healthy corium tissues during corrective trimming
  3. Use foot block on healthy claw
  4. Avoid topical therapies
  5. Administer analgesics, NSAIDs, sedative-analgesics
  6. Provide comfortably housing and thoughtful management
58
Q

What is wind-up pain?

A

An exaggerated pain reaction in response to a lesser stimulus.

59
Q

How does the ‘wind-up’ pain phenomenon occur?

A

Persistent pain and inflammation results in the ‘winding up’ of the sensory neurons in the spinal cord and brain

60
Q

What type of pain is meloxicam indicated for in cattle?

A

Nocioceptive or aching types of pain It is for extralabel use

61
Q

What type of pain is gabapentin indicated for in cattle?

A

Treatment of chronic neuropathic pain or wind-up pain

62
Q

______ treatment of the corium should be avoided.

A

Caustic

63
Q

What are the infectious disorders of the foot and foot skin in cattle?

A

Digital dermatitis and foot rot

64
Q

T/F: Digital dermatitis is the most common infectious disease affecting housed dairy cattle world-wide

A

True

65
Q

What is digital dermatitis?

A

A poly microbial disease involving treponemes and other anaerobes

66
Q

How does digital dermatitis appear clinically?

A

Lesions appear as a raw, red, oval ulcer on the back of the heel

The lesions are often raised with a wart-like appearance

Hair-like projections of epithelium may extend upward from the surface with chronic lesions

67
Q

T/F: The abundance of treponemes remains consistent as a digital dermatitis lesion progresses.

A

False - it increases

68
Q

How long does it take for a lesion due to digital dermatitis to progress?

A

From normal skin to a mature lesion it is 130-140 days

69
Q

What is the standard protocol for treatment and control of digital dermatitis?

A

Topical treatment and footbaths

70
Q

T/F: Although topical treatment and footbaths reduce digital dermatitis lesion pain, recurrence rates are high.

A

True

71
Q

What is topical treatment for digital dermatitis aimed towards?

A

The treatment of mature and chronic lesions to reduce pain

72
Q

Footbaths are important for the control of ____ digital dermatitis lesions.

A

early

73
Q

From a distance, how does foot rot appear?

A

Generalized swelling of the foot that may extend up to or above the dew claws

Separation of the claws

Severe lameness

Cow frequently lifts the foot in pain

74
Q

On close examination, how does foot rot appear?

A

Necrotic lesion of the interdigital skin

Foul-smelling

Febrile cow

Extreme sensitivity to touch

In rare cases - swelling but no lesion

75
Q

Bovine foot rot is strongly influenced by _______ factors.

A

environmental

76
Q

What is an important factor in the pathogenesis of bovine foot rot?

A

Injury of the interdigital skin by abrasion, maceration, chapping, or a heavy bacterial contamination

77
Q

It is important to distinguish foot rot from what?

A

Foreign bodies, traumatic lesions, distal interphalangeal joint sepsis, and retroarticular and bulbar abscesses

78
Q

What matters most in the treatment of claw lesions?

A

Corrective trimming and relief of weight bearing

79
Q

What is the primary cause of abscess formation in cows claws?

A

Anaerobic bacteria which is why it is important to change the microenvironment from anaerobic to aerobic

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions