Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 2 - Euthanasia Techniques > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Euthanasia Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

What are the acceptable methods of euthanasia for cattle?

A

Barbiturates and barbituric acid derivatives
Gunshot
Penetrating captive bolt with adjunctive methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do barbiturates and barbituric acid derivatives cause death?

A

Their use generally results in a smooth transition from consciousness to unconsciousness and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the deterrents to barbiturate overdose?

A

Cost
Administration requires restraint
Vet registered with US DEA must administer
Strict accounting required
Carcass disposal is complicated and improper disposal may pose a risk for wildlife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does euthanasia of a dam with pentobarbital affect the fetus?

A

Barbiturates readily cross the placenta resulting in fetal depression and ultimately death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does the fetus die an inhumane death when its mother is euthanized?

A

No - although sentient in utero, the fetus is maintained in a sleep-like unconscious state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What wildlife are at risk if carcasses are not disposed properly and are euthanized with barbiturates?

A

Scavengers - bald eagles, turkey vultures, and captive carnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the options for disposal of livestock carcasses?

A

Rendering, burial, composting, landfills, cremation/incineration, and tissue hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why can you not render meat if you euthanized an animal with pentobarbital?

A

Pentobarbital will persist through rendering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is rendering?

A

The process of separating water, fat, and protein including blood, bone, and meat into commercial by-products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is it not recommended to bury animals that have been euthanized with pentobarbital?

A

Carcasses from euthanized animals can leach pentobarbital into the surrounding soil and ground water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is it not recommended to compost animals that have been euthanized with pentobarbital?

A

From a study, pentobarbital was detectable up to 367 days in compost piles with no clear trend of reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is it not recommended to dispose of a carcass that was euthanized with pentobarbital in a landfill?

A

Testing of water supplies near landfills has found detectable levels of pentobarbital up to 22 years following the time in which wastes were received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does tissue digestion (alkaline hydrolysis) work?

A
  1. Alkali and water are added in precise proportion to the weight of tissue
  2. The system is heated and contents periodically agitated to expose all tissue to the alkali solution
  3. Process destroys pathogens
  4. Liquid effluent is sterile and may be released into the sanitary sewer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the forms of ‘non-missle’ brain injury?

A

Manually applied blunt form trauma and controlled blunt force trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is manually applied blunt force trauma?

A

To strike the head with a hard object such as a hammer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is controlled blunt force trauma?

A

The use of a non-penetrating captive bolt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(Manually/controlled) blunt force trauma delivers variable applied force. (Manually/controlled) blunt force trauma delivers a consistent amount of force.

A

Manually; controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the forms of missile traumatic brain injury?

A

Penetrating and perforating wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are penetrating wounds?

A

The bullet or projectile enters the cranial cavity but does not exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What devices deliver penetrating wounds?

A

A penetrating captive bolt or a bullet from a firearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are perforating wounds?

A

When the bullet or projectile not only enters the brain, but passes through it and exits at some other site

22
Q

High velocity bullets tend to produce ______ injuries, whereas low velocity bullets produce ______injury and retention of the bullets within the skull.

A

Perforating, penetrating

23
Q

What is the most common method used for on-farm euthanasia of cattle?

A

Gunshot

24
Q

The use of firearms for euthanasia of cattle is classified as a ______ method.

A

physical

25
Q

What does the effectiveness of gunshot for euthanasia depend on?

A

Selection of the appropriate firearm
Type of bullet
Accuracy of aim

26
Q

The use of handguns for euthanasia is limited to ____-______ shooting. Calibers _____ to _____ are recommended for the euthanasia of cattle. The ____ caliber handgun is not recommended.

A

close-range

  1. 32-0.45
  2. 22
27
Q

Rifles for euthanasia are capable of higher _____ velocities. The general recommendations on rifle selection is a ______ magnum or higher caliber.

A

muzzle

0.22

28
Q

What is the recommended shell for shotgun use in firearm euthanasia?

A

Buckshot or #4 or #6

29
Q

What is muzzle energy?

A

A measure of a bullet’s destructive potential - it is the energy of a bullet as it leaves the end of the barrel when the firearm is discharged

30
Q

How is muzzle energy calculated?

A

Mass of the bullet x its velocity squared all divided by 2

31
Q

What are the types of bullets a firearm can have?

A

Solid point, hollow point, hollow point with controlled expansion characteristics, and frangible

32
Q

Solid point bullets are unlikely to ______. They are designed for maximum _______.

A

fragment; penetration

33
Q

Hollow point bullets are designed to fragment when?

A

On impact - they are less likely to perforate

34
Q

What do hollow point bullets with controlled expansion characteristics do?

A

They expand beyond the point of skull penetration

35
Q

Frangible bullets have ____ penetration. What do they do?

A

poor penetration - they disintegrate to a fine sandy/powder

36
Q

T/F: A penetrating captive bolt is enough to assure death on its own.

A

False - it causes immediate unconsciousness, but a secondary step is required to assure death whenever penetrating captive bolt is used

37
Q

What are the different types of penetrating captive bolt devices?

A

Cash special .25 caliber HD extended bolt stunner

Schermer KR stunner standard bolt

38
Q

What adjunctive methods can be used with penetrating captive bolt devices?

A

Exsanguination
Pithing
IV administration of a saturated solution of KCl, MgSO4, or CaCl2
A second or third shot

39
Q

How is exsanguination done?

A

Well, first you have to choose violence.

Once you have chosen violence, then you take a knife and slice through the jugular, carotid artery, and trachea

40
Q

How is pithing done?

A

A pithing rod is inserted through the hole that was produced by the captive bolt. Direct the pithing rod to the brain stem and manipulate to induce additional damage

41
Q

In what animals is saturated KCl and magnesium salts only for use in?

A

unconscious or anesthetized animals

42
Q

How can saturated KCl and magnesium be administered?

A

IV or intra-cardially

43
Q

What are the advantages to using saturated KCl and magnesium salts?

A

There is no risk to predators/scavengers

44
Q

What are the indicators of unconsciousness?

A

Animal collapses immediately
Animal takes no attempt to right itself
Body and muscles become rigid immediately after the shot followed by brief tetanic spasms and eventually uncoordinated hind limb movements
Immediate and sustained cessation of rhythmic breathing
An absence of vocalization
An absence of eye reflexes
Eyelids remain open facing straight forward

45
Q

The euthanasia procedure is not complete until what happens?

A

death is confirmed

46
Q

What is the primary sign of death?

A

cardiac arrest - even with a properly placed shot, the heart will continue to beat for 7-8 minutes

47
Q

What are the secondary signs for confirmation of death?

A

Lack of movement over time (30 minutes), no respiratory activity, no corneal reflexes, rigor mortis

48
Q

What can cause captive bolt failure?

A

Poor maintenance of cartridge fired captive bolt guns
Damp cartridges
Low air pressure in pneumatic stunners

49
Q

Where is the optimum position for euthanasia using physical methods?

A

The optimum position for cattle is at the intersection of two imaginary lines drawn from the rear of the eyes to the base of the opposite horn

50
Q

What are unacceptable methods of euthanasia in beef and dairy cattle?

A

Manually applied blunt force trauma
Injection of chemical agents or substances
Injection of xylazine or any other alpha-2 followed by KCl, MgSO4, and CaCl2
Air injection into the vein
Electrocution as with a 120-volt electrical cord
Drowning
Exsanguination of conscious animals

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions