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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 2 - Head and Neck Part 1 &2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Head and Neck Part 1 &2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of wooden tongue?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

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2
Q

T/F: Actinobacillus lignieresii is a foreign pathogen to the cow.

A

False - it is normal flora of the oral cavity and rumen

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3
Q

What causes wooden tongue (Actinobacillus)?

A

A break in the mucosa/skin

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4
Q

Where does Actinobacillus typically localize?

A

The tongue most often, but it can also occur at the cervical lymph nodes, head, and neck

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5
Q

How is Actinobacillus diagnosed?

A

Typically based on PE findings

Biopsy and culture

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6
Q

What do masses due to Actinobacillus look like?

A

Multifocal necrotic foci filled with non-odorous thick, white-yellow purulent material

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7
Q

How is Actinobacillus treated?

A

Sodium iodide (70 mg/kg IV) and antibiotics

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8
Q

How long should you give sodium iodide for the treatment of Actinobacillus and how do you know when to stop?

A

Give it every 7-10 days usually 2-3x

You know when to stop when iodinism is observed

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9
Q

What are the signs of iodinism?

A

Excessive tearing, dandruff/flaking of the skin, diarrhea, and inappetence

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10
Q

What is the causative agent of lumpy jaw?

A

Actinomyces bovis

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11
Q

T/F: Actinomyces bovis is normal flora of the cow.

A

True

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12
Q

What is lumpy jaw?

A

A hard, immovable, painless bony mass

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13
Q

Where does lumpy jaw localize?

A

The mandible most frequently but it can go to the maxilla

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14
Q

How is lumpy jaw treated?

A

Sodium iodide and long-term antibiotics

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15
Q

When should you stop using sodium iodide when treating lumpy jaw?

A

When you see signs of iodinism

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16
Q

What is the prognosis for lumpy jaw?

A

Guarded to poor

Maxilla tumors have a worse prognosis

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17
Q

What can lumpy jaw progress to?

A

Pathological fractures

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18
Q

What are the salivary glands of the ruminant head?

A

mandibular, parotid, and sublingual

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19
Q

How much saliva does the mature bovine produce/day?

A

> 50L saliva/day

20
Q

What causes a sialocele?

A

Disruption of salivary gland drainage

21
Q

What is a sialocele?

A

A soft, fluctuant cystic lesion

22
Q

How is a sialocele treated?

A

Surgical extirpation and chemical debridement

23
Q

What can cause sialoadenitis?

A

Infections, penetrating wounds, plant awns, foreign bodies

24
Q

You have a 1550 lb Cow. The HCO3 level on serum biochemistry is ~ 15 mEq/L. The apparent bicarb space is 0.3.
How many mEq of HCO3 to replace deficits?

A 
HCO3 = BW (kg) x 0.3 x (25-X)
HCO3 = 705kg x 0.3 x (25-15)
HCO3 = 2115 mEq
25
Q

You have a 1550 lb Cow. The HCO3 level on serum biochemistry is ~ 15 mEq/L. The apparent bicarb space is 0.3. You need 2115 mEq to replace the deficits.
How many grams of NaHCO3 is needed in how many L of fluid?

Remember 1.3% of NaHCO3 provides 156 mEq/L. To make this you add 13 grams of baking soda /L.

A

2115/156 = 13.5
She then rounded that to 14
14 L x 13 g/L = 182 grams of baking soda added to 14 L of distilled water

26
Q

How are tooth root abscesses treated?

A

Long term antibiotics (Ceftiofur, florfenicol, penicillin, isoniazid) and long term anti-inflammatories

Surgical management is an option

27
Q

How are tooth root abscesses treated with surgical management?

A

They are performed under GA at a ventrolateral buccal approach. Retropulsion of the tooth (not if it is a mandibular cheek tooth) and oral extraction

28
Q

How is sinusitis treated?

A

Sinus trephination and flushing
Systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs

29
Q

When examining a patient that you suspect has sinusitis, what should your first step be?

A

Examine from far away

30
Q

How do you perform a tracheostomy on a cow?

A

Stay on midline at the junction of the cranial and middle third of the neck.
Split the sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles.
Incise between the tracheal ring - don’t cut more than 50% of the diameter
Use a stylet to introduce the largest tube that will fit
Don’t inflate the cuffed tubes and change and clean 2-3 times daily

31
Q

What is another name for necrotic laryngitis?

A

Calf diphtheria

32
Q

What can cause/is part of the pathogenesis of calf diphtheria?

A 
Ulceration of laryngeal surface
Recently weaned calves - bawling
Viral infections
Histophilus somni vasculitis
Invasion with Fusobacterium necrophorum
33
Q

What clinical signs are associated with calf diphtheria?

A

Severe inspiratory dyspnea, stertor, open mouth breathing, extended neck, anorexia, depression, fever

34
Q

In acute and uncomplicated cases, how is calf diphtheria treated?

A

Parenteral Abx therapy - Oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, and/or extra-label florfenicol, tulathromycin, and ceftiofur (only if failure of labled abx and concurrent BRD)

Anti-inflammatories - NSAIDs and steroids

35
Q

Arytenoid chondritis is most often a sequelae of what?

A

necrobacillosis (calf diphtheria)

36
Q

What lesions are associated with arytenoid chondritis?

A

Abscess, granuloma, chondroma, lymphoma, and papilloma

37
Q

How is arytenoid chondritis treated?

A

Unilateral arytenoidectomy

38
Q

What is a potential complication of a unilateral arytenoidectomy?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

39
Q

What causes an enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma?

A

Enzootic tumor virus 1 a betaretrovirus

I don’t really like this flashcard… the small ruminant causes are ovine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (ONAV) and Caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (CNAV)

40
Q

What is tracheal edema syndrome?

A

Extensive edema and hemorrhage of mucosa and submucosa in the dorsal membrane of the lower trachea

41
Q

What is suspected etiology of tracheal edema syndrome?

A

Respiratory viruses, bacteria
Trauma from feed bunk
Passive congestion and fat accumulation
Heavy feeder cattle

42
Q

When considering dairy cattle with pharyngeal trauma, one type of bolus can be associated with a very poor outcome. This bolus type was:
A. aspirin boluses
B. Monensin boluses
C. Caustic boluses, such as calcium salts
D. solid metal boluses, such as magnets

A

C. Caustic boluses, such as calcium salts

43
Q

What are you looking for as far as clinical signs for sinusitis in cows?

A 
Facial asymmetry
Distortion of the bone
Nasal discharge (variable)

Those are some of the few she mentioned - book has a lot more

44
Q

When you suspect a sinusitis in cows, what should you do on your PE?

A

Percuss the sinuses (may need to open their mouths)

Assess that their is equal air flow on both nostrils

45
Q

What diagnostic methods can be used for sinusitis in cows?

A

Radiographs

46
Q

What sinus does the horn communicate with in the cow?

A

The frontal sinus

47
Q

In regards to the nasal sinuses, ______ are the scrolls, ______ are the spaces.

A

Conchae, meatuses

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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