Unit 2 - Head and Neck Part 1 &2 Flashcards
What is the causative agent of wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
T/F: Actinobacillus lignieresii is a foreign pathogen to the cow.
False - it is normal flora of the oral cavity and rumen
What causes wooden tongue (Actinobacillus)?
A break in the mucosa/skin
Where does Actinobacillus typically localize?
The tongue most often, but it can also occur at the cervical lymph nodes, head, and neck
How is Actinobacillus diagnosed?
Typically based on PE findings
Biopsy and culture
What do masses due to Actinobacillus look like?
Multifocal necrotic foci filled with non-odorous thick, white-yellow purulent material
How is Actinobacillus treated?
Sodium iodide (70 mg/kg IV) and antibiotics
How long should you give sodium iodide for the treatment of Actinobacillus and how do you know when to stop?
Give it every 7-10 days usually 2-3x
You know when to stop when iodinism is observed
What are the signs of iodinism?
Excessive tearing, dandruff/flaking of the skin, diarrhea, and inappetence
What is the causative agent of lumpy jaw?
Actinomyces bovis
T/F: Actinomyces bovis is normal flora of the cow.
True
What is lumpy jaw?
A hard, immovable, painless bony mass
Where does lumpy jaw localize?
The mandible most frequently but it can go to the maxilla
How is lumpy jaw treated?
Sodium iodide and long-term antibiotics
When should you stop using sodium iodide when treating lumpy jaw?
When you see signs of iodinism
What is the prognosis for lumpy jaw?
Guarded to poor
Maxilla tumors have a worse prognosis
What can lumpy jaw progress to?
Pathological fractures
What are the salivary glands of the ruminant head?
mandibular, parotid, and sublingual
How much saliva does the mature bovine produce/day?
> 50L saliva/day
What causes a sialocele?
Disruption of salivary gland drainage
What is a sialocele?
A soft, fluctuant cystic lesion
How is a sialocele treated?
Surgical extirpation and chemical debridement
What can cause sialoadenitis?
Infections, penetrating wounds, plant awns, foreign bodies
You have a 1550 lb Cow. The HCO3 level on serum biochemistry is ~ 15 mEq/L. The apparent bicarb space is 0.3.
How many mEq of HCO3 to replace deficits?
HCO3 = BW (kg) x 0.3 x (25-X) HCO3 = 705kg x 0.3 x (25-15) HCO3 = 2115 mEq
You have a 1550 lb Cow. The HCO3 level on serum biochemistry is ~ 15 mEq/L. The apparent bicarb space is 0.3. You need 2115 mEq to replace the deficits.
How many grams of NaHCO3 is needed in how many L of fluid?
Remember 1.3% of NaHCO3 provides 156 mEq/L. To make this you add 13 grams of baking soda /L.
2115/156 = 13.5
She then rounded that to 14
14 L x 13 g/L = 182 grams of baking soda added to 14 L of distilled water
How are tooth root abscesses treated?
Long term antibiotics (Ceftiofur, florfenicol, penicillin, isoniazid) and long term anti-inflammatories
Surgical management is an option
How are tooth root abscesses treated with surgical management?
They are performed under GA at a ventrolateral buccal approach. Retropulsion of the tooth (not if it is a mandibular cheek tooth) and oral extraction
How is sinusitis treated?
Sinus trephination and flushing
Systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs
When examining a patient that you suspect has sinusitis, what should your first step be?
Examine from far away
How do you perform a tracheostomy on a cow?
Stay on midline at the junction of the cranial and middle third of the neck.
Split the sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles.
Incise between the tracheal ring - don’t cut more than 50% of the diameter
Use a stylet to introduce the largest tube that will fit
Don’t inflate the cuffed tubes and change and clean 2-3 times daily
What is another name for necrotic laryngitis?
Calf diphtheria
What can cause/is part of the pathogenesis of calf diphtheria?
Ulceration of laryngeal surface Recently weaned calves - bawling Viral infections Histophilus somni vasculitis Invasion with Fusobacterium necrophorum
What clinical signs are associated with calf diphtheria?
Severe inspiratory dyspnea, stertor, open mouth breathing, extended neck, anorexia, depression, fever
In acute and uncomplicated cases, how is calf diphtheria treated?
Parenteral Abx therapy - Oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, and/or extra-label florfenicol, tulathromycin, and ceftiofur (only if failure of labled abx and concurrent BRD)
Anti-inflammatories - NSAIDs and steroids
Arytenoid chondritis is most often a sequelae of what?
necrobacillosis (calf diphtheria)
What lesions are associated with arytenoid chondritis?
Abscess, granuloma, chondroma, lymphoma, and papilloma
How is arytenoid chondritis treated?
Unilateral arytenoidectomy
What is a potential complication of a unilateral arytenoidectomy?
Aspiration pneumonia
What causes an enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma?
Enzootic tumor virus 1 a betaretrovirus
I don’t really like this flashcard… the small ruminant causes are ovine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (ONAV) and Caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (CNAV)
What is tracheal edema syndrome?
Extensive edema and hemorrhage of mucosa and submucosa in the dorsal membrane of the lower trachea
What is suspected etiology of tracheal edema syndrome?
Respiratory viruses, bacteria
Trauma from feed bunk
Passive congestion and fat accumulation
Heavy feeder cattle
When considering dairy cattle with pharyngeal trauma, one type of bolus can be associated with a very poor outcome. This bolus type was:
A. aspirin boluses
B. Monensin boluses
C. Caustic boluses, such as calcium salts
D. solid metal boluses, such as magnets
C. Caustic boluses, such as calcium salts
What are you looking for as far as clinical signs for sinusitis in cows?
Facial asymmetry Distortion of the bone Nasal discharge (variable)
Those are some of the few she mentioned - book has a lot more
When you suspect a sinusitis in cows, what should you do on your PE?
Percuss the sinuses (may need to open their mouths)
Assess that their is equal air flow on both nostrils
What diagnostic methods can be used for sinusitis in cows?
Radiographs
What sinus does the horn communicate with in the cow?
The frontal sinus
In regards to the nasal sinuses, ______ are the scrolls, ______ are the spaces.
Conchae, meatuses
