Unit 1 - Neonate 2 Flashcards
What level of IgG/L is considered quality colostrum?
> 50g IgG/L
At what age does calf scours typically occur?
In calves less than 30 days of age
What clinical signs are associated with calf scours?
Acute, profuse watery diarrhea, progressive dehydration, and acidosis
What can happen if calf scours goes untreated?
Death
What pathogens are responsible for causing calf scours?
E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, and cryptosporidium
What components are important in determining sepsis scores?
Failure of passive transfer, level of dehydration, attitude, diarrhea, scleral injection, and localized infection
What can be used to estimate dehydration in a calf?
Degree eyeball recession, skin tent duration, mucous membrane appearance and CRT, changes in body weight, and urine production
What signs are indicative of metabolic acidosis?
CNS depression, weakness, ataxia, and reduced suckle
What are the mechanisms of HCO3 loss in calves?
Fecal loss, severe dehydration and reduced GFR, and unidentified organic acids
What does a sluggish or absent palpebral reflex suggest in a calf?
There is D-lactate acidosis
What are the goals of treating calf diarrhea?
Correct free water and electrolyte abnormalities, correct acid-base deficits, provide nutritional support, and eliminate and/or prevent bacteremia
What are the important factors/requirements of oral electrolyte solutions?
Provide enough sodium to normalize ECF volume, facilitate absorption of Na+/water, contain alkalinizing agent, and provide energy
What electrolyte is the principle determinant of ECF volume?
Sodium
What is the recommended concentration of sodium in oral solutions?
90-130 mmol/L
What is the recommended concentration of chloride in oral solutions?
40-80 mmol/L
What is the recommended concentration of potassium in oral solutions?
10-30 mmol/L
What other substances are in oral electrolyte solutions?
It can have glucose, neutral amino acids, and volatile fatty acids
What is the osmolality of most oral electrolyte fluids?
280-300 mOsm/L
What is the osmolality of hypertonic solutions?
700-800 mOsm/L
When would you want to use a high osmolality solution (like hypertonic saline)?
In cases of osmotic diarrhea, slow abomasal emptying, ileus, bloat, and abomasitis
What do we need to provide in our acidotic agents?
An alkalinizing agent
What is the recommended administration protocol for oral electrolyte solutions and normal milk?
Alternate feeding milk and OES every 6-8 hours
When is IV fluid therapy recommended in calves?
If there is moderate (>8%) dehydration, severe CNS depression, weakness, inability to stand, anorexia for >24 hours, hypothermia, and/or rapidly progressing dehydration and profuse diarrhea
What are the goals to IV fluid therapy?
Correct: ECF dehydration and circulating blood volume CNS depression and restore suckle Metabolic acidosis Electrolyte abnormalities Energy deficit
And decrease D-lactate
How do you make isotonic solution (1.3%) at home?
4.2%? 5%? 8.4% (hypertonic)?
13g of NaHCO3 (baking soda) in 1 L of water
42 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water
50 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water
84 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water
What is the recommended bolus rate for 8.4% hypertonic solution?
5 ml/kg over 5 minutes
Why may you not want to use LRS in calves to treat metabolic acidosis?
It is a mixture of L and D-lactate so you could be worsening the acidosis
What should administration of hypertonic saline be accompanied by?
IV isotonic sodium bicarbonate and/or oral alkalinizing solutions
If you give hypertonic saline alone what does it treat?
dehydration but it does not correct metabolic acidosis
How do you calculate replacement fluid?
% dehydration x BW (kg)
What is the recommended maintenance rate for IV fluids (per day)?
60-80 mL/kg/day
How do you calculate how much bicarbonate to give?
0.6 x BW (kg) x estimated base defecit
What is the shock dose (rate) of crystalloids?
80-90 mL/kg/hr
What is the administration rate of hyperosmotic solutions?
1 mL/kg/min
What is the administration rate of K that you should never exceed?
0.5 mEq K/kg/h
Where is the best spot for an IV catheter in a cow?
Jugular
What processes are evidence of SIRS and risk of septicemia/bacteremia?
Failure of passive transfer Abnormal neutrophil count Presence of cytotoxic changes Increased fibrinogen Thrombocytopenia in severe cases Abnormal coagulation parameters Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia Metabolic acidosis Hypoxemia and hypoventiilation
If a calf is sick enough for IV fluids, _____ are probably indicated?
antibiotics
Rank these antibiotic routes from best to worst option:
IV, oral, parenteral, and IM/SC
Parenteral > oral;IV > IM/SC
Are bactericidal or bacteriostatic antibiotics preferred in calves?
bactericidal
If your using an antibiotic primarily in diarrhea, how/ where do you want them to be excreted?
active form in bile
What is the preferred abx class for calves?
Beta-lactams - she likes ampicillin
Why are analgesics and anti-inflammatories used in calves diarrhea and other ailments?
Control abdominal pain, decrease GIT inflammation, and anti-endotoxin
What analgesics and anti-inflammatories are used in calves?
Meloxicam and flunixin meglumine
The use of plasma is often reserved for what calves?
very valuable calves
What calves would value from fresh blood transfusions?
Calves that are septic
Why would you do a CSF tap in a calf?
If you are suspicious for meningitis
Where anatomically is a CSF tap done in calves?
in the lumbosacral region
True or False: Meningitis has a very poor prognosis.
True - the mortality rate is 100%
If you have joint swelling, what is the recommended steps to take in sampling and healing of the issue?
Tap the joint
Do gross and cytology on the fluid
Regional limb perfusion with antibiotics, joint lavage, and arthrotomy/arthroscopy
What structures can be infected in cases of umbilical infections?
urachus, umbilical arteries, and umbilical vein
What is the recommended treatment for umbilical abscesses?
Lance and drain, parenteral antibiotics
Surgical removal if needed
What can a patent urachus be a source of?
potential sepsis
