Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 1 - Neonate 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Neonate 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What level of IgG/L is considered quality colostrum?

A

> 50g IgG/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At what age does calf scours typically occur?

A

In calves less than 30 days of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What clinical signs are associated with calf scours?

A

Acute, profuse watery diarrhea, progressive dehydration, and acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can happen if calf scours goes untreated?

A

Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What pathogens are responsible for causing calf scours?

A

E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, and cryptosporidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What components are important in determining sepsis scores?

A

Failure of passive transfer, level of dehydration, attitude, diarrhea, scleral injection, and localized infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can be used to estimate dehydration in a calf?

A

Degree eyeball recession, skin tent duration, mucous membrane appearance and CRT, changes in body weight, and urine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What signs are indicative of metabolic acidosis?

A

CNS depression, weakness, ataxia, and reduced suckle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the mechanisms of HCO3 loss in calves?

A

Fecal loss, severe dehydration and reduced GFR, and unidentified organic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a sluggish or absent palpebral reflex suggest in a calf?

A

There is D-lactate acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the goals of treating calf diarrhea?

A

Correct free water and electrolyte abnormalities, correct acid-base deficits, provide nutritional support, and eliminate and/or prevent bacteremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the important factors/requirements of oral electrolyte solutions?

A

Provide enough sodium to normalize ECF volume, facilitate absorption of Na+/water, contain alkalinizing agent, and provide energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What electrolyte is the principle determinant of ECF volume?

A

Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the recommended concentration of sodium in oral solutions?

A

90-130 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the recommended concentration of chloride in oral solutions?

A

40-80 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the recommended concentration of potassium in oral solutions?

A

10-30 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What other substances are in oral electrolyte solutions?

A

It can have glucose, neutral amino acids, and volatile fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the osmolality of most oral electrolyte fluids?

A

280-300 mOsm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the osmolality of hypertonic solutions?

A

700-800 mOsm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When would you want to use a high osmolality solution (like hypertonic saline)?

A

In cases of osmotic diarrhea, slow abomasal emptying, ileus, bloat, and abomasitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do we need to provide in our acidotic agents?

A

An alkalinizing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the recommended administration protocol for oral electrolyte solutions and normal milk?

A

Alternate feeding milk and OES every 6-8 hours

23
Q

When is IV fluid therapy recommended in calves?

A

If there is moderate (>8%) dehydration, severe CNS depression, weakness, inability to stand, anorexia for >24 hours, hypothermia, and/or rapidly progressing dehydration and profuse diarrhea

24
Q

What are the goals to IV fluid therapy?

A 
Correct:
ECF dehydration and circulating blood volume
CNS depression and restore suckle
Metabolic acidosis
Electrolyte abnormalities
Energy deficit

And decrease D-lactate

25
Q

How do you make isotonic solution (1.3%) at home?

4.2%? 5%? 8.4% (hypertonic)?

A

13g of NaHCO3 (baking soda) in 1 L of water
42 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water
50 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water
84 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water

26
Q

What is the recommended bolus rate for 8.4% hypertonic solution?

A

5 ml/kg over 5 minutes

27
Q

Why may you not want to use LRS in calves to treat metabolic acidosis?

A

It is a mixture of L and D-lactate so you could be worsening the acidosis

28
Q

What should administration of hypertonic saline be accompanied by?

A

IV isotonic sodium bicarbonate and/or oral alkalinizing solutions

29
Q

If you give hypertonic saline alone what does it treat?

A

dehydration but it does not correct metabolic acidosis

30
Q

How do you calculate replacement fluid?

A

% dehydration x BW (kg)

31
Q

What is the recommended maintenance rate for IV fluids (per day)?

A

60-80 mL/kg/day

32
Q

How do you calculate how much bicarbonate to give?

A

0.6 x BW (kg) x estimated base defecit

33
Q

What is the shock dose (rate) of crystalloids?

A

80-90 mL/kg/hr

34
Q

What is the administration rate of hyperosmotic solutions?

A

1 mL/kg/min

35
Q

What is the administration rate of K that you should never exceed?

A

0.5 mEq K/kg/h

36
Q

Where is the best spot for an IV catheter in a cow?

A

Jugular

37
Q

What processes are evidence of SIRS and risk of septicemia/bacteremia?

A 
Failure of passive transfer
Abnormal neutrophil count
Presence of cytotoxic changes
Increased fibrinogen
Thrombocytopenia in severe cases
Abnormal coagulation parameters
Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoxemia and hypoventiilation
38
Q

If a calf is sick enough for IV fluids, _____ are probably indicated?

A

antibiotics

39
Q

Rank these antibiotic routes from best to worst option:

IV, oral, parenteral, and IM/SC

A

Parenteral > oral;IV > IM/SC

40
Q

Are bactericidal or bacteriostatic antibiotics preferred in calves?

A

bactericidal

41
Q

If your using an antibiotic primarily in diarrhea, how/ where do you want them to be excreted?

A

active form in bile

42
Q

What is the preferred abx class for calves?

A

Beta-lactams - she likes ampicillin

43
Q

Why are analgesics and anti-inflammatories used in calves diarrhea and other ailments?

A

Control abdominal pain, decrease GIT inflammation, and anti-endotoxin

44
Q

What analgesics and anti-inflammatories are used in calves?

A

Meloxicam and flunixin meglumine

45
Q

The use of plasma is often reserved for what calves?

A

very valuable calves

46
Q

What calves would value from fresh blood transfusions?

A

Calves that are septic

47
Q

Why would you do a CSF tap in a calf?

A

If you are suspicious for meningitis

48
Q

Where anatomically is a CSF tap done in calves?

A

in the lumbosacral region

49
Q

True or False: Meningitis has a very poor prognosis.

A

True - the mortality rate is 100%

50
Q

If you have joint swelling, what is the recommended steps to take in sampling and healing of the issue?

A

Tap the joint
Do gross and cytology on the fluid
Regional limb perfusion with antibiotics, joint lavage, and arthrotomy/arthroscopy

51
Q

What structures can be infected in cases of umbilical infections?

A

urachus, umbilical arteries, and umbilical vein

52
Q

What is the recommended treatment for umbilical abscesses?

A

Lance and drain, parenteral antibiotics

Surgical removal if needed

53
Q

What can a patent urachus be a source of?

A

potential sepsis

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions