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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 1 - Neonate 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Neonate 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are calves at risk for?

A

Dystocia, weak and lack of vigor, acidosis and/or hypoxia, and hypothermia

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2
Q

What occurs during the transition to extra-uterine life?

A

Cessation of uterine blood supply
Lung inflation, decreased pulmonary and increased systemic vascular resistance
Closure of fetal vascular routes

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3
Q

When should a calf begin spontaneous and regular breathing?

A

Within 30 seconds of parturition

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4
Q

What is the regular heart rate of neonate calves?

A

> 70 bpm

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5
Q

True or False: Arrhythmias are not uncommon in the first hour of life.

A

True

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6
Q

When should the righting reflex occur in neonate calves?

A

within 5 minutes

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7
Q

When should the suckle reflex occur in neonate calves?

A

Within 20 minutes

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8
Q

Do calves go into respiratory failure or cardiac arrest first?

A

Respiratory failure

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9
Q

When should you intervene with resuscitation in a calf?

A

If the calf is gasping, in respiratory distress, apneic, or if they are persistently bradycardic

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10
Q

What are the first steps to resuscitation in a calf?

A

Clear the airways and place into sternal position for optimal ventilation

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11
Q

True or False: Dopram is recommended in apneic animals.

A

False - it is not recommended

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12
Q

What are possible treatments for hypothermia in a calf?

A

Immersion, forced warm air, and heat lamps

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13
Q

True or False: You should not ligate the umbilicus if you do not have to.

A

True

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14
Q

If you have to manage the umbilicus, what should you do?

A

Clean with iodine or chlorhexidine and dry quickly

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15
Q

What is the current acceptable amount of serum IgG in colustrum?

A

> 15g/L - you want to feed 300g of IgG

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16
Q

What is the single most important management factor in determining health and survival of the neonatal calf?

A

Colostrum

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17
Q

What does the amount of colostrum proved to dairy heifers significantly influence?

A

pre-pubertal growth rate

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18
Q

What does colostrum contain?

A

Immunoglobulins, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, maternal leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial factors

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19
Q

When is colostrum produced?

A

several weeks prior to calving

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20
Q

What cow factors impact the production of colostrum?

A

Dairy vs. Beef, Age, dry period length, timely collection, mastitis, nutrition, vaccination, and environmental influences

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21
Q

Does mastitis affect IgG in colostrum?

A

No, there is just a decreased volume overall

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22
Q

What is the process/mechanism of ingesting colostrum?

A

Suckling leads to the closure of the esophageal groove which then delivers the colostrum to the abomasum

23
Q

How are immunoglobulins and other macromolecules absorbed into the gut?

A

Via pinocytosis

24
Q

What occurs during gut closure?

A

Loss of absorptive sites, secretion of digestive enzymes, and bacterial colonization of the gut

25
Q

When do the materal antibodies from IgG begin to wane?

A

3-4 months of age

26
Q

Where does IgA go after ingestion?

A

mucosal secretion

27
Q

Where does IgM go after ingestion?

A

Mainly into the blood

28
Q

What are the three Qs of colostrum?

A

Quality, quantity, and quickly

29
Q

What is the cut off for adequate IgG with the brix refractometer?

A

The result should be 22% or greater

30
Q

What pathogens should colostrum be free of?

A

Mycoplasma, Johne’s, fecal coliforms, and Salmonella

31
Q

Why shouldn’t you pool raw colostrum?

A

You can run the risk of spreading disease among calves

32
Q

What should the bacterial count level be in colostrum?

A

<100,000 CFU/mL

33
Q

What should the coliform count level be in colostrum?

A

<10,000 CFU/mL

34
Q

How long can raw colostrum be stored?

A

For approximately 2 days

35
Q

How long can pasteurized colostrum be stored?

A

8-10 days

36
Q

How long can frozen colostrum be stored?

A

Up to 1 year

37
Q

Why is pasteurizing colostrum problematic?

A

Because it can cause denaturation of immunoglobulins of up to 25-30% per batch

38
Q

When should colostrum (pasteurized or raw) be fed and how much?

Note: this is in cases where you have to intervene

A

4L shortly after birth and a 2nd feeding (2L) within 6 hours

39
Q

True or False: An esophageal feeder is more valuable than a nipple bottle to deliver colostrum.

A

False - when giving the same amount of colostrum their values are equivalent

40
Q

What is the main method to monitor colostrum levels?

A

Measurement/estimation of serum (IgG)

41
Q

Aside from measurement of IgG, what can be done to monitor colostrum management?

A

Radial immunodiffusion, turbidimetric immunoassay, ELISA, sodium sulfite test, zinc sulfate trubidity test, and total protein

42
Q

What are the gold standard tests for immunoglobulin testing in colostrum management?

A

Radial immunodiffusion and turbidimetric immunoassay

43
Q

What is the goal for total protein with a refractometer when testing a herd (age 24 hours to 7 days) for adequate passive transfer?

A

80% should be > 5.5 g/dL

90% should be >5.2 g/dL

44
Q

What is the cutoff for FPT when using a brix refractometer?

A

8.1-8.5%

45
Q

What are the 4 basic sources of IgG replacers/supplements?

A

Dried colostrum, whey proteins, bovine serum, and eggs

46
Q

The USDA regulates what is considered colostrum replacement and colostrum supplement. How much IgG/dose and nutrients must there be for a product to be considered a colostrum replacement? Colostrum supplement?

A

Replacement - > 100 IgG/dose and nutrients

Supplement - <100g IgG/dose

47
Q

Does a colostrum replacement or supplement if used a lone cause failure of passive transfer?

A

supplements

48
Q

How much fresh frozen plasma administered to calves?

A

20-40 ml/kg so approximately 1-2L

49
Q

How much of a donors whole blood can be safely taken in a cow?

A

20%

50
Q

How much whole blood should be transfused to calves?

A

20-30 mL/kg

51
Q

What needs to be added to blood post collection?

A

anticoagulant

52
Q

What is the transfusion rate/protocol for ruminants?

A

Give 1.5 ml/kg/hr for 30 minutes, if no adverse effects then change the rate to 10-20mL/kg/hour

53
Q

What adverse effects could you see with blood transfusions?

A

Increase heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, trembling, hives, edema, stertor, and piloerection

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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