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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 3 - Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacterial pneumonia with entry of pathogens thorough the airways, resulting in cranioventral distribution

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2
Q

What clinical signs are associated with bronchopneumonia?

A

Depression, fever, and other signs of sepsis/systemic inflammatory response

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3
Q

What is bronchopneumonia also known as?

A

Bovine respiratory disease complex, shipping fever, and enzootic pneumonia (in dairy cattle)

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4
Q

What are the interstitial pneumonias?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndromes and acute interstitial pneumonias attributed to ingestion or inhalation of toxins and allergens, resulting in characteristic histologic changes in the lung

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5
Q

T/F: Overall, most interstitial pneumonias are non-infectious, with minimal signs of sepsis/depression.

A

True

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6
Q

What is metastatic penumonia?

A

Septic embolization of the lungs from other foci - classically described as vena caval syndrome

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7
Q

What are some risk factors for the development of shipping fever?

A 
Low body weight
Bunk reading - drastic diet changes
Poor management on cow/calf operation
Source of cattle
Comingling of cattle through various channels
Geographic location
Transport
Environmental conditions
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8
Q

What are the major viral pathogens of importance from a BRDC standpoint?

A

BHV-1, PI3, BRSV, and BVDV

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9
Q

What are the major bacterial pathogens involved in the BRDC?

A

Mannheimia hemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni
Mycoplasma bovis

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10
Q

What do M. hemolytica, P. multocida, and H. somni release that contributes to the depression and systemic signs observed in affected cattle?

A

Endotoxin/LPS

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11
Q

When do most cases of shipping fever occur?

A

Within the first 30-45 days on feed

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12
Q

What causes chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome (CPPS) in feedlot cattle?

A

Mycoplasma bovis

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13
Q

What agents should be high on the list of pathogens likely for causing enzootic pneumonia?

A

P. multocida and M. bovis

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14
Q

When do most cases of H. somni occur?

A

Within the first 60 days on feed

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15
Q

What are some other manifestations of H. somni infections?

A

Pleuritis, myocarditis, arthritis, and infectious thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

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16
Q

What is BVDv’s role in naturally acquired BRD?

A

Immunosuppression and synergy with other pathogens present - it impacts both innate and acquried immune systems

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17
Q

What are the major source of BVDv in herds?

A

Persistently infected cattle

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18
Q

What is the economic return of testing for BVDv PI cattle on arrival depend on?

A

The prevalence of PI cattle
The confidence in results of the testing strategy
The true economic cost of the presence of PI cattle
The value of removal of PI cattle

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19
Q

What clinical signs are associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD)?

A 
Depression, Anorexia, Respiratory rate or effort abnormal, increased rectal temperature
Isolation from the group
Coughing
Nasal and ocular discharge
Open mouth breathing
Exercise intolerance/ataxia/weakness
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20
Q

T/F: We miss respiratory disease and fail to treat as much as we misdiagnose and treat for it when its not present.

A

True

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21
Q

What early disease detection devices are available for cattle?

A

Automated behavior monitoring, feeding and drinking behavior, rumination monitors, temperature monitoring devices

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22
Q

What should confirmatory type diagnostic tests be used for?

A

To support/augment subjective, visual assessment

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23
Q

What WBC do we expect with inflammation in cattle?

A

It can vary: neutrophilia or neutropenia, left shift, lymphopenia, or increased neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio

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24
Q

T/F: The accuracy of CBC changes to confirm BRD are of great value in cattle on feed.

A

False - they are of low and limited value

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25
Q

How do acute phase proteins act in cattle with inflammation?

A

Positive acute phase proteins would be expected to increase in cattle with inflammation and tissue damage
Negative acute phase proteins would decrease

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26
Q

T/F: In calves treated for BRD, increased L-lactate concentrations were associated with non-survival

A

True

27
Q

What are some detection methods that are used for direct indicators of lung lesions?

A

Lung auscultation, thoracic ultrasound, and radiographs

28
Q

Aside from bronchovesicular sounds, what are other causes of increased respiratory rates and recruitment of alveoli?

A

Heat abatement, excitement, pain, hypoxia not due to lung parenchyal disease, cardiac disease, and anemia

29
Q

What findings are supportive of lung disease?

A

Adventitial sounds as well as the absence of small airway sounds

30
Q

what could radiating heart sounds indicate?

A

Potentially pleural effusion

31
Q

What probe is used for thoracic ultrasound in cattle?

A

Linear probes

32
Q

Pathology in the lung must extend to the _____ _____ in order to visualize abnormalities.

A

pleural space

33
Q

What are thoracic radiographs used for in cattle?

A

Confirmation and gauging severity of pneumonia/lung parenchymal changes, as well as other structures of the thorax

34
Q

What is the most often used diagnostic test in cattle?

A

Necropsy

35
Q

When should you especially encourage producers to have necropsies performed?

A

Sudden or unexpected deaths, outbreaks with high morbidity/mortality or poor response to treatments

36
Q

Why is there limited use of nasal swabs for bacterial cultures in cattle?

A

Because BRD pathogens are part of the normal URT flora

37
Q

What are trans-tracheal washes best suited for identifying?

A

cases of infectious pneumonias

38
Q

Are trans-tracheal washes or bronchoalveolar lavages less invasive and quicker to perform in cattle?

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage

She still prefers transtracheal washes

39
Q

What are the basic principles of antimicrobial therapy for BRD?

A

Treat early enough
Treat long enough
Treat with the appropriate antimicrobial agent

40
Q

What is the MOA of tulathromycin (Draxxin), tilmicosin (Micotil), gamithromycin (Zactran), and tildipirosin?

Hint: These are all macrolides

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by penetrating the cell wall and binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits in susceptible bacteria

41
Q

What macrolides are approved for BRD metaphylaxis?

A

Tulathromycin, gamithromycin, and tildipirosin

42
Q

What is the MOA for ceftiofur?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Bacteriocidal

43
Q

What is different about the duration of ceftiofur than other common BRD drug?

A

It is a sustained release drug so it slowly releases from the injection site

44
Q

What are the ceftiofur drugs used in cattle for BRD?

A

Excede
Excenel RTU
Naxcel

45
Q

What is different about Excenel RTU from other ceftiofur drugs?

A

It is not a sustained release drug

46
Q

What is the MOA of florfenicol (Nuflor)?

A

50S inhibitor

Blocks tRNA

47
Q

What is the MOA of enrofloxacin?

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase

Bacteriocidal

48
Q

What is the MOA of oxytetracycline?

A

Bind to 30S ribosome

Reversible inhibitors - bacteriostatic

49
Q

Where do M. haemolytica, P. multocida, and H. somni pneumonias consolidate in the lungs?

A

Cranioventral distribution

50
Q

Where do M. bovis pneumonias consolidate in the lungs?

A

Cranioventral distribution

51
Q

What does M. bovis infection look like in the lungs (lesions)?

A

Milliary coalescing caseonecrotic abscesses

52
Q

Why may you not want to use NSAIDs as an ancillary therapy against BRD?

A

The febrile response serves a role in the body’s response to infection, and limiting it could have negative repercussions on the body’s ability to limit spread and eliminate pathogen

53
Q

What is the most common cause of caval syndrome?

A

Translocation of bacteria across the rumen wall due to ruminal acidosis and liver abscesses

54
Q

What is caval syndrome?

A

Vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia

55
Q

How do cattle with caval syndrome clinically manifest?

A

Chronic, poor doers due to cor pulmonale to masssive hemorrhage, rapid decompensation, and sudden death

56
Q

What condition is considered almost pathognomonic for caval syndrome?

A

Hemoptysis

57
Q

How is caval syndrome prevented?

A

Prevent liver abscesses and appropriate adaptation to high concentrate diets and minimize subacute ruminal acidosis

58
Q

What histological changes are associated with interstitial pneumonias?

A

Pulmonary edema, emphysema, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, and hyaline formation

59
Q

What are the classical causes for interstitial pneumonias?

A 
Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
Moldy sweet potato toxicity
Perilla mint toxicity
Other plants
BRSV
60
Q

What clinical signs are associated with atypical interstitial pneumonia in the feedlot?

A 
Moderate to severe dyspnea
Stand with an extended neck
Open mouth breathing
Elbow abduction
Audible expiratory grunt or markedly increased effort
Cough that changes on auscultation
Mild to marked crackles
Subcutaneous emphysema beginning at the thoracic inlet
61
Q

How is atypical interstitial pneumonia treated?

A

Salvage OR
Anti-inflammatories, broad-spectrum abx
Remove exposure

62
Q

When Bayne says ‘upstairs, downstairs’ what is she referring to?

A

Interstitial pneumonia

63
Q

T/F: The act of moving cattle with AIP can kill them.

A

True

64
Q

What will you see on necropsy in patients with caval syndrome?

A

Liver abscesses that have eroded or are involved in thrombosis of the caudal vena cava
Emboli in the lungs with involvement of the pulmonary vasculature

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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