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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 2 - Forestomach and Abomasum Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Forestomach and Abomasum Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Just listening

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2
Q

What is percussion?

A

Pinging the abdomen

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3
Q

What is ballotment?

A

Pushing into the abdomen with a fist or a knee and feeling for a fluid wave, fetus, or something else

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4
Q

What is succussion?

A

Listening and percussion of the abdomen

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5
Q

What is on the left side of the cows abdomen?

A

Rumen, spleen, reticulum, abomasum, and superficial wall of the greater omentum

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6
Q

What is on the right side of the cows abdomen?

A

Proximal loop of ascending colon, cecum, jejunum, superficial wall of greater omentum, abomasum, reticulum, omasum, lesser omentum, gall bladder, right lobe of liver, caudate process of caudate lobe of liver, right kidney, descending colon, and descending duodenum

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7
Q

Describe the difference between a pear shaped abdomen and an apple shaped abdomen.

A

An apple shaped abdomen is enlarged on the dorsal side (typically on the left)
A pear shaped abdomen is enlarged on the ventral side

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8
Q

What are the layers of stratification in the rumen (bottom to top)?

A

Fluid, fine particles
Doughy, course roughage
Free gas

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the primary rumen contractions?

A

mixing of the ingesta

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary rumen contractions?

A

eructation

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11
Q

How many contractions should the rumen have per 2 minutes?

A

2-3 contractions

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12
Q

What is the normal response to a withers pinch?

A

The cow will ventroflex - if shes in pain she won’t move

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13
Q

When using a speculum to try to empty the rumen of a cow, how do you measure it?

A

Measure from the opening of the mouth to the canthus of the eye with the hard tube - that is how deep you will go

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14
Q

How do you perform a rumenocentesis?

A

At the level of the stifle, draw a line forward. Poke about 2 inches caudal from the last rib

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15
Q

What are the components of rumen fluid analysis (i.e. what is all looked at)?

A

Color, smell, viscosity, pH, methylene blue reduction, and chloride level

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16
Q

What is the approach for an abdominocentesis in a cow?

A

Use the quadrant approach - take a sample from the lower right quadrant

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17
Q

What should you evaluate in your abdominal fluid sample?

A

WBC and differential count, total protein, L-lactate, and glucose

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18
Q

What findings are abnormal in an abdominocentesis analysis?

A

TNCC > 6000 cells/ul
TP > 3g/dL
>40% neutrophils, <10% eosinophils
Glucose < 30mg/dL, pH <7.3

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19
Q

What shape is the reticulum on ultrasound?

A

half-moon

20
Q

Where is the reticulum located on ultrasound?

A

Immediately caudal to the diaphragm and along the ventral abdominal wall

21
Q

What will you see in the reticulum on ultrasound?

A

Nothing - it will be gas

22
Q

What is the normal motility in the reticulum on ultrasound?

A

3 biphasic contractions over 3 minutes

23
Q

Where is a really good spot to look for hardware disease on ultrasound?

A

The reticulum

24
Q

The spleen lives on the ___ side of the body.

A

left

25
Q

What is the shape of the omasum on ultrasound?

A

It is crescent shaped with a hyperechoic thick line

26
Q

Where is a good spot to visualize the omasum on ultrasound?

A

On the right side in between the 6th and 11th ICS

It is closest to the body wall at the 9th ICS

27
Q

T/F: There is no apparent motility of the omasum in health

A

True

28
Q

Why can you not visualize the laminae in the omasum on ultrasound?

A

Intraluminal gas

29
Q

Where is the liver visualized via ultrasound?

A

It is located on the right body wall from about the last rib to the 5th ICS

30
Q

What components of the liver should you be able to see via ultrasound?

A

Portal vein, caudal vena cava and hepatic veins, and gallbladder

31
Q

Where is the abomasum visualized via ultrasound?

A

It is 10 cm caudal to the xiphoid in the R and L paramedian area and ventral midline - it is more situated to the right of midline

32
Q

What does the abomasum look like on ultrasound?

A

The wall is a thin echogenic line, the contents are heterogenous with stippling, and you will occasionally see folds

33
Q

What does the pylorus of the abomasum look like on ultrasound?

A

A spoke wheel appearance

34
Q

T/F: You can see abomasal abscesses on ultrasound

A

False

35
Q

Where can cross-sections through the loops of the jejunum be visualized via ultrasound?

A

on the right flank

36
Q

What is used to anesthetize the paralumbar fossa?

A

2% lidocaine or 2% lidocaine with epinephrine

37
Q

What are the toxic doses of lidocaine in cattle and small ruminants (her #s)?

A

10 mg/kg in cattle

5 mg/kg in small ruminants

38
Q

What does the paralumbar fossa block?

A

Nerves T13, L1, and L2

39
Q

What are the landmarks for the proximal paravertebral nerve block?

A

L1, L2, and L3
Feel for the dorsal processes with your thumb, then find the transverse processes.
Fan in front of transverse

40
Q

What are the landmarks for the distal paravertebral nerve block?

A

L1, L2 and L4

Feel the transverse process and walk off the top and bottom

41
Q

What are the layers that need to be cut through when you are doing an incision into the paralumbar fossa?

A 
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transverse abdominal (thinnest)
Peritoneum
42
Q

What is the holding layer for the paralumbar fossa incision?

A

the external abdominal oblique

43
Q

How should the peritoneum, transversus, and internal abdominal oblique closed at the paralumbar fossa?

A

PDS with a simple continuous

44
Q

How should the external abdominal oblique be closed at the paralumbar fossa?

A

PDS with a simple continuous

45
Q

How should you close the skin of a paralumbar fossa incision?

A

Ford interlocking, continuous, or cruciate will suffice
You should place a cruciate or a couple of simple interrupted at the ventral portion of the incision in the case that there may be a seroma - you can just open it then

46
Q

What are the indications for a rumenotomy (rumenostomy)?

A

Removal of rumen contents
Vagal indigestions
Enteral nutrition
Blow holes for chronic bloats

47
Q

Before opening the rumen during surgery, what must you make sure to do? Why?

A

Make sure to explore the abdomen before you open the rumen because this will become a clean contaminated surgery as soon as you open the rumen.

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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