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Microbiology > Unit 2: Week 1 Round-Up > Flashcards

Unit 2: Week 1 Round-Up Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two general types of mutations?

A

spontaneous
induced

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2
Q

list examples of spontaneous mutations (4)

A

base mistakes remove the spoons.

mistakes during replication
base substitution
addition/removal of nucleotides
transposons

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3
Q

three types of base substitution?

A

silent/missense/nonsense

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4
Q

addition/removal of nucleotides is called what?

A

frameshift

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5
Q

what is a silent mutation?

A

no codon change

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6
Q

what is a missense mutation?

A

change AA acid

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7
Q

what is a nonsense mutation?

A

introduce stop codon

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8
Q

four types of induced mutations?

A

chemical mutagens
base analogs
intercalating agents
UV/X rays

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9
Q

what are base analogs? what do they do?

A

chemicals that look like bases. stop the chain.

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10
Q

what do UV/Xrays do?

A

break/form bonds

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11
Q

what are intercalating agents?

A

insert/bind itself into the DNA

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12
Q

name the three virus shapes?

A

icosahedra
helical
complex

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13
Q

what is transduction? how does it work?

A

mechanism of HGT. DNA is transferred via a bacteriophage.

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14
Q

what generates a transducing particle? i.e. what’s the big deal about transduction?

A

error in phage replication cycle

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15
Q

generalized transduction:
- Bacterial chromosomal DNA horizontally transferred via…
- What type of DNA is packaged in virion
- Error occurs during…
- Result of transduction

A

-lytic or temperate phages when they induce lytic cycles
- any random piece of bacterial chromosomal DNA
- packaging
- 1 or few transducing particles, the remaining are effective phage particles

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16
Q

specialized transduction:
- Bacterial chromosomal DNA horizontally transferred via…
- What type of DNA is packaged in virion
- Error occurs during…
- Result of transduction

A
  • temperate phage ONLY!
  • specific bacterial chromosomal DNA along with some phage DNA (genes next to the integration sites of the prophage)
  • excision
  • 100% transducing particles and also defective phages
17
Q

what two types of transduction did we study in class?

A

generalized and specialized

18
Q

where does the error in generalized transduction occur?

A

packaging

19
Q

where does the error in specialized transduction occur?

A

excision

20
Q

is specialized transduction lysogenic or lytic?

A

lysogenic only

21
Q

is generalized transduction lysogenic or lytic?

A

either

22
Q

what proportion of specialized transducing cells contain effective phage DNA?

A

0

23
Q

what proportion of generalized transducing cells contain effective phage DNA?

A

1 transducing particle (1 wrong)
Rest are lytic/lysogenic (contain phage DNA)

24
Q

list bacterial defenses against foreign DNA (3)

A
  1. preventing phage attachment (by capsules)
  2. restriction-modification systems
  3. CRISPR
25
Q

how do bacteria prevent phage attachment?

A

capsules

26
Q

what are restriction modification systems?

A

allows bacteria to distinguish/degrade non-self DNA

27
Q

what are the two outcomes of restriction modification systems?

A

bacteria wins (no phage)
phage wins

28
Q

describe the conditions for the bacteria to win restriction modification system

A

RESTRICTION ENZYME DEGRADES UNMETHYLATED DNA.
1. Phage DNA not methylated,
2. Chr. DNA is methylated
3. Phage DNA is degraded, there is no phage replication
4. No phage

29
Q

describe the conditions for phages winning the restriction modification system

A

RESTRICTION ENZYME DOES NOT DEGRADE METHYLATED DNA.
1.
2.
3.
4.

30
Q

is methylated DNA degraded by restriction enzyme?

A

no

31
Q

is unmethylated DNA degraded by restriction enzyme?

A

yes

32
Q

methylation status vs. degradation status

A

methylated = not degraded
unmethylated = degraded

33
Q

what is the most important aspect of CRISPR as a bacterial defense against foreign DNA?

A

keep snapshot of DNA of former infections to develop “memory” to past infections and will chew them up

Microbiology (45 decks)

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