10.5.2022. + 10.7.2022. IS questions

Question 1

the immune system has “memory,” what does this mean?

Answer 1

immunological memory: immune system’s ability to respond more quickly and more effectively upon re-exposure to a given antigen

Question 2

why is it important for the immune system to distinguish between “healthy self” and “dangerous?

Answer 2

if the immune system couldn’t make that distinction, it would turn against the body’s own cells or attack harmless substances such as pollen

Question 3

what is the role of the humoral response in adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

eliminates microbial invaders and toxins that are not found within a self cell, in other words, eliminates microbial invaders that are found in blood or tissue fluids

Question 4

what is the role of the cellular response in adaptive immunity?

Question 5

describe some extracellular antigens?

Answer 5

antigens in blood and tissue fluid

Question 6

describe some intracellular antigens

Answer 6

antigens within host cell

Question 7

which cell type is programmed to make antibodies?…. which are?

Answer 7

plasma cells, which are the effector form of a B cell

Question 8

which cell type functions as an antibody-secreting factory?

Answer 8

plasma cell

Question 9

what are the two parts of an antibody molecule?

Answer 9

1. two identical arms (Fab region)
2. single stem of Y-shaped molecule (Fc region)

Question 10

what is the general role of Tc cells? it is the _____ form of _____ cell?

Answer 10

induce apoptosis in infected or cancerous “self” cell, effector form of a cytotoxic T cell

Question 11

what is the general role of Th cells?

Answer 11

activates B cells and macrophages, and releases cytokines that stimulate other parts of the immune system

Question 12

what is lymph and where does it originate?

Answer 12

clear yellow liquid that contains leukocytes and flows within lymphatic vessels, derived from tissue fluid

Question 13

what are the primary lymphoid organs, and what is their function?

Answer 13

bone marrow and thymus, organs in which lymphocytes develop/mature

Question 14

what is the function of secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 14

peripheral lymphoid organs where lymphocytes function in immune responses

Question 15

give several examples of secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 15

they include the adenoids, tonsils, spleen, appendix, and lymph nodes, among others

Question 16

describe the role of the Peyer’s patches

Answer 16

collections of lymphoid cells in the gastrointestinal tract; part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), tissues in the intestinal walls where samples of intestinal contents are inspected

Question 17

how is an epitope different from an antigen?

Answer 17

epitope: region of an antigen recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors on lymphocyte
antigen: molecule that reacts specifically with either an antibody or an antigen receptor on a lymphocyte

Question 18

a substance is described as highly immunogenic. what does this mean?

Answer 18

immunogenic = relative ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response. high ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response.

Question 19

what does “humor” refer to in humoral immunity?

Answer 19

fluid

Question 20

describe the function of the two parts of an antibody molecule?

Answer 20

Fab region: attach to an antigen
Fc region: red flag that stick out and tag the antigen for elimination by macrophages or other parts of the immune system

Question 21

TC cell, aka what ? and what does it stand for?

Answer 21

CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte

Question 22

TH cell is the _____ form of what cell?

Answer 22

effector form of a helper T cell

Question 23

what is an antibody?

Answer 23

y-shaped protein that binds antigen

Question 24

what is a lymphocyte? what are some examples.

Answer 24

group of white blood cells (leukocytes) involved in adaptive immunity. B cells and T cells are examples.