Mid Term 1 Review Questions (Part 2.2)

Question 1

describe the main parts of the structure of flagella (5)

Answer 1

• basal body
• hook
• flagellin
• filament
• flagella

Question 2

what does the H in E. coli 0157:H7 represent?

Answer 2

flagellar H antigen

Question 3

what are the three main functions of flagella?

Answer 3

1. motility
2. attachment
3. virulence factors

Question 4

what is chemotaxis?

Answer 4

movement of a cell away from or towards a certain chemical in the environment

Question 5

how does a cell move towards or away from a certain chemical?

Answer 5

tumble, run, tumble

Question 6

why are chemotaxis and flagellar motility important for pathogenecity of H. pylori? and what does the H stand for?

Answer 6

chemotaxis: secrete urease to make ammonium base, find mucus layer

flagellar motility: penetrate, attach, and multiply in mucus layer

H indicates curved rod.

Question 7

what causes lyme disease?

Answer 7

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 8

what’s so special about B. burgdorferii

Answer 8

has a flexible, coiled body with a flagella all along its body, an endoflagellum that helps it bore into tissue

Question 9

describe monotrichous flagella

Answer 9

1 on one end

Question 10

monotrichous flagella aka

Answer 10

polar flagella

Question 11

polar flagella aka

Answer 11

monotrichous flagella

Question 12

describe the distribution of lophotrichous flagella

Answer 12

several flagella at one end

Question 13

describe the distribution of peritrichous flagella

Answer 13

all around the cell, surrounding

Question 14

describe the distribution of amphitrichous flagella

Answer 14

one flagella at each end of the cell

Question 15

how are pili different from flagella? (2)

Answer 15

shorter
thinner

Question 16

what are pili used for? (4)

Answer 16

• attachment
• gliding/twitching
• DNA transfer
• important pathogenicity factor

Question 17

what do we call pili that are used for attachment?

Answer 17

fimbrae

Question 18

what are fimbrae?

Answer 18

pili that are used for attachment

Question 19

what do we call the pili used for DNA transfer

Answer 19

sex pilus

Question 20

describe the characteristics of a chromosome

Answer 20

• generally single
• circular

Question 21

what genetic info is found in chromosomes?

Answer 21

essential genetic info and non-essential

Question 22

what is a plasmid?

Answer 22

extra/non-essential genetic info

Question 23

how do plasmids replicate?

Answer 23

independently of the chr

Question 24

what shape are plasmids?

Answer 24

generally circular

Question 25

what do we call an plasmid that’s been incorporated into the chromosome?

Answer 25

an episome

Question 26

what is an episome?

Answer 26

a plasmid that’s been integrated into the chromosome

Question 27

how do plasmids interact with a population?

Answer 27

transferred, spread, lost through curing

Question 28

how can plasmids be lost?

Answer 28

through curing

Question 29

how are bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes different?

Answer 29

PROKARYOTES: 70S
EUKARYOTES: 80S

differences are important for drug targeting, what may be effective against 70S has no effect on 80S. differences between bacteria and archaea are important too.

Question 30

which two genera produce endospores?

Answer 30

bacillius
clostridium

Question 31

if i see the names bacillus or clostridium, what do i immediately know?

Answer 31

they produce endospores

Question 32

what is an endospore called when it exits the dormant stage and becomes a normal multiplying cell?

Answer 32

vegetative cell

Question 33

what is a vegetative cell?

Answer 33

an endospore that has exited the dormant stage, usually survived attempts to be destroyed, and becomes a typical multiplying cell

Question 34

are endospore production and germination means of cell reproduction. why?

Answer 34

no. one vegetative cell gives rise to one endospore, which gives rise to one vegetative cell. there is no increase in cell number, it’s just a way for endospores to survive harsh conditions.

Question 35

endospores do not _______, they ________.

Answer 35

replicate, survive.

Question 36

what is germination?

Answer 36

an endospore leaves the dormant stage and becomes a typical vegetative cell

Question 37

what is sporulation?

Answer 37

the process of producing a spore

Question 38

how are endospores formed? what’s that called?

Answer 38

an endospore forming bacteria experiences limiting amounts of carbon or nitrogen. sporulation.

Question 39

what is a vegetative cell?

Answer 39

a typical, actively multiplying cell