10.21.2022. Study Questions

Question 1

Why does active immunity provide longer protection than passive immunity? Describe it based on what I know about the immune system?

Answer 1

PASSIVE: antibodies have a half life and they disappear

ACTIVE: create memory cells so that they can generate more plasma cells –> more antibodies next time we need them.

Question 2

What are the four categories of immunity?

Answer 2

Natural active
Natural passive
Artificial active
Artificial passive

Question 3

Give an example of natural active immunity

Answer 3

resistance to common cold

Question 4

Give an example of natural passive immunity

Answer 4

infant receives a mother’s antibodies through the placenta or brst milk

Question 5

Give an example of artificial active immunity

Answer 5

vaccination

Question 6

Give an example of artificial passive immunity

Answer 6

when a person receives antibodies in the form of an injection (gamma globulin injection)

Question 7

Describe why attenuated vaccines generally evoke a stronger response than do inactivated vaccines

Answer 7

the microbe multiplies in the body, causing the immune system to be exposed to the antigen for a longer period and in greater amounts than with inactivated agents.

Question 8

List and describe three distinct types of inactivated vaccines

Answer 8

inactivated whole agent vaccines: contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses
toxoid vaccines: inactivated toxins
subunit vaccines: consist of key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen

Question 9

What type of vaccine is most likely to evoke a strong IgA response? … if what?

Answer 9

attenuated, if administered orally or nasally

Question 10

Compare and contrast the characteristics of attenuated and inactivated vaccines

Question 11

List four diseases that have a relatively low incidence because of vaccination

Answer 11

smallpox
diphtheria
whooping cough
measles
mumps
rubella
tetanus

Question 12

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 12

substance included in inactivated vaccines that increases the immune response to antigens

Question 13

List two advantages of inactivated vaccines

Answer 13

1. cannot cause infections or revert to pathogenic forms
2. no risk to immunocompromised recepient

Question 14

List two advantages of attenuated vaccines

Answer 14

1. one or two doses can induce relatively long-lasting immunity
2. vaccine strain has the added potential of being spread from an individual being immunized to other non-immune people, thereby immunizing the contacts of the vaccine recepient

Question 15

what is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 15

vaccine composed of killed bacterial cells, inactivated virus, or fractions of the pathogen. unable to replicate, but retain the immunogenicity of the pathogen or toxin.

Question 16

what is an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 16

vaccine composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease

Question 17

what is an inactivated whole agent vaccine?

Answer 17

type of inactivated vaccine. contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses

Question 18

what is a toxoid vaccine?

Answer 18

type of inactivated vaccine. made up of inactivated toxins

Question 19

what is a subunit vaccine?

Answer 19

type of inactivated vaccine. consist of key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen