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Medicine yr1 > UG-male Reproduction > Flashcards

UG-male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 differences of the male pelvis?

A
  • heart shaped linea terminalis
  • subpubic arch 50-60 degrees
  • ilia project less laterally
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2
Q

What does the pelvic floor separate?

A

Perineum from the pelvis

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3
Q

What are the two triangles of the pelvic floor?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

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4
Q

What are the two main muscles that make up the pelvic floor?

A
  • Levator ani (pubococcygeus/ iliococcygeus/ puborectalis)

- coccygeus

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5
Q

Which nerve innervates the levator ani muscles?

A

pudendal S2-4

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6
Q

What does the puborectalis act as?

A

Sling between the rectum and anus

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7
Q

What angle does the puborectalis create?

A

80 degree

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8
Q

What is the role of the puborectalis?

A
  • Prevents and controls defecation

- increase angle to relax internal and external anal sphincters allowing defecation

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9
Q

What is the difference between male and female urethral sphincters?

A

Male: internal (autonomic) and external urethral sphincter (somatic)

Female: 3 sphincters

  • compressor urethrae
  • sphincter urethrovaginalis
  • external urethral sphincter
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10
Q

What are the three tubes of the penis?

A

2 corpora cavernous

1 corpus spongiosum

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11
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A

Root
Bulb
Body

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12
Q

What does the root of the penis contain?

A

Proximal parts of corpora cavernous (Pubic arch)

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13
Q

What does the bulb of the penis contain?

A

Proximal parts of corpus spongiosum anchored to perineal membrane

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14
Q

What does the body of the penis contain?

A

Tethers free parts of corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

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15
Q

In what process does corpora cavernosa have a role in?

A

Erection

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16
Q

How many parts are there to the urethra?

A

4

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17
Q

What are the 4 parts of the urethra?

A
  • pre prostatic
  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • spongy
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18
Q

What nerve stimulates an erection?

A

Parasympathetic fibres of pelvic splanchnic nerves s2-4

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19
Q

How do the parasympathetic nerves stimulate an erection?

A

Release ACh which stimulates the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells of trabecular arteries which diffuse into the smooth muscle causing vasodilation

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20
Q

How does vasodilation lead to an erection?

A

As the arteries dilate the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa fill with blood and the muscles compress the veins of corpora cavernosa limiting venous drainage

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21
Q

Is the temperature of the testis the same as the rest of the body?

A

No

3 degrees cooler

22
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

23
Q

What are the two cell types in the testis?

A

Leydig

Sertoli

24
Q

Where are leydig cells located?

A

Loose tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

25
Q

Can the epididymis be palpated?

A

Yes

26
Q

Where does the right testis drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

27
Q

Where does the left testis drain to?

A

left Renal vein

28
Q

describe the pathway of sperm

A

1-Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules
2 – rete testes (network of tubules)
3-efferent ducts - stored and gains motility in head of the epididymis – epididymis has a head, body and tail and the tail which thickens to form vas deferens
4-Vas deferens joins up with the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory ducts which penetrates the prostate and drains into the prostatic urethra – seminal vesicles and prostate release seminal fluid into prostatic urethra

29
Q

What are the 3 accessory sex organs?

A

Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Bartholin’s glands

30
Q

what substances does the seminal vesicles contain?

A
  • fructose
  • citric acid
  • lots of prostaglandins and fibrinogen
31
Q

what does the prostate gland contain?

A
  • zinc rich to stabilise DNA
  • fructose for nutrition
  • alkaline to neutralise vaginal acid
32
Q

what does the bartholins gland contain?

A
  • alkaline fluid to protect sperm during arousal

- mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra

33
Q

what is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis is producing sperm while spermiogenesis is where spermatids develop a tail and head

34
Q

describe Spermatogenesis

A
  • spermatogonia migrate from the basement membane, between sertoli cells, through the tight junctions of the blood-testis barrier
  • they differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes
  • each primary spermatocyte replicates its DNA and meiosis I begins forming 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes which then form 4 spermatids after meiosis II
35
Q

describe spermiogenesis

A

In the final stage, each spermatid develops a flagellum and acrosomal head to become spermatozoa

36
Q

when does sperm gain motility?

A

when stored in the epididymis (head)

37
Q

what does fluid from leydig cells do?

A

fluid from the leydig cells pushes sperm into the rete testes which drains sperm into the efferent ducts which join the head of the epididymis

38
Q

what are the roles of sertoli cells (4)?

A
  • surround the proliferating and differentiating germ cells forming pockets and providing nutrients
  • phagocytose excess spermatid cytoplasmic material
  • secrete ABP - ensure sperm remain in the adluminal compartment
  • secrete anti-mullerian hormone - breaks down the mulerrian duct
39
Q

what are leydig cells also known as?

A

interstitial cells

40
Q

what do leydig cells contain?

A

many cholesterol lipid droplets-cholesterol convert to testosterone

41
Q

where are leydig cells situated?

A

between seminiferous tubules in interstitium

42
Q

describe the emission stage of ejaculation

A

Sperm moved from testes and epididymis to beginning of the urethra due to contraction of muscles around the epididymis and ductus deferens, pushing the sperm into the prostate and urethra

43
Q

what is the ejaculatory proper?

A

semen expelled by strong spasmodic contractions of the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles

44
Q

once ejaculation has started it becomes a reflex reaction triggered by which nerve?

A

pudendal nerve

45
Q

WHAT DIFFERENTIATES INTO A SPERMATOZOA? SPERMATOGONIUM OR SPERMATID?

A

spermatid

46
Q

WHICH CELL AIDS SPERMATOGENESIS

A

sertoli

47
Q

which cell secretes testosterone

A

leydig

48
Q

what % of seminal fluid is found in the prostate?

A

25%

49
Q

what % of seminal fluid is found in the seminal vesicle?

A

70%

50
Q

how many lobes does the prostate have?

A

5

-anterior/ posterior/ medial/ 2x lateral

51
Q

which 3 muscles make up the levator ani?

A
  • pubococcygeus
  • iliococcygeus
  • puborectalis

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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