MSK-anatomy-HARC Flashcards
1
Q
which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?
A
-cranial nerve VII—>the facial nerve
2
Q
what are the muscles of facial expression responsible for?
A
- moving the skin to provide facial expression
- act as sphincters around the eyes and mouth
3
Q
what are the muscles of mastication responsible for?
A
moving the mandible at the Temporomandibular joint
4
Q
which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
A
cranial nerve V – the trigeminal nerve
5
Q
where are the muscles of mastication derived from?
A
pharyngeal arch I
6
Q
what are the different branches of the trigeminal nerve and what types of nerves are they?
A
- Ophthalmic (V1)- sensory
- Maxillary (V2)- sensory
- Mandibular (V3)- sensory & motor to muscles of mastication
7
Q
name the branches of the facial nerve?
A
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
8
Q
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
A
7
9
Q
how many cervical spinal nerves are there?
A
8
10
Q
how many thoracic vertebrae and spinal nerves are there?
A
12
11
Q
how many lumbar vertebrae and spinal nerves are there?
A
5
12
Q
how many sacral vertebrae and spinal nerves are there?
A
5
13
Q
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
A
3/4
14
Q
how many coccygeal spinal nerves?
A
1
15
Q
what forms the coccyx?
A
3/4 coccygeal vertebrae are fused
16
Q
what are the roles of intervertebral discs?
A
- act as shock absorbers by keeping vertebrae separated when there is impact
- provide flexibility to spine-facilitating flexion and extension
17
Q
what is the the annulus fibrosis made up of?
A
- made of fibrocartilage
- tough and collagenous
18
Q
what is the role of the annulus fibrosis?
A
prevents over-rotation of the vertebrae
19
Q
what is the nucleus pulposus made up of?
A
jelly-like- mainly composed of water & loose network of collagen
20
Q
what is the role of the nucleus pulposus?
A
allows discs to withstand forces of compression and torsion
21
Q
which cervical vertebrae is atlas?
A
C1
22
Q
what is different about atlas compared with other cervical vertebrae?
A
C1 is only cervical vertebra that has no spinous process
23
Q
which cervical vertebrae is axis?
A
C2
24
Q
does C2 have a spinous process?
A
yes-bifid spinous process
25
what is the joint between skull base and C1 called?
Atlanto-occipital joint
26
which movements occur at the Atlanto-occipital joint?
Flexion & extension occurs at this joint between the skull & C1 (e.g. when you nod & say yes)
27
what is the joint between c1 and c2 called?
Atlanto-axial joint
28
what does the articulation between c1 and c2 allow?
allows you to shake your head left & right (eg. when you shake your head & say no)
29
how is c1 arranged above c2?
C1 slotted over C2 (anterior arch of C1 slots over the dens process of C2)
30
what is the role of the ligamentum nuchae?
limits hyperflexion of neck, keeps your head from dropping
31
what is the role of suprapinous ligament?
strong, fibrous cord that helps maintain upright position of head and (limit hyperflexion of the whole vertebral column)
32
what is the role of the interspinous ligament?
limit flexion by restricting separation of spinous process
33
what is the role of the ligamentum flavum?
maintains upright posture, helps preserve normal curvature and straightens column after flexion (elasticity can reduce with old age)
34
what is the role of anterior longitudinal ligament?
limits extension
35
what is the role of posterior longitudinal ligament?
limits flexion
36
```
the temporalis muscle is innervated by which muscle?
a-Facial nerve
b-Ophthalmic nerve
c-Mandibular nerve
d-Maxillary nerve
e-Superficial temporal nerve
```
c-mandibular nerve
37
```
which of these structures does not pass through the jugular foramen?
a-CN IX
b-Internal jugular vein
c-CN XII
d-CN X
e-CN XI
```
c-CN XII
38
which bone of the forearm does the capitulum articulate with?
articulates with radius (round head)
39
which bone of the forearm does the trochlea articulate with?
articulates with ulna
40
what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
SITS
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
41
what is the role of supraspinatus?
initiation of abduction
42
what is the role of the infraspinatus?
lateral rotation of humerus
43
what is the role of the teres minor?
lateral rotation of humerus
44
what is the role of the subscapularis?
medial rotation of humerus
45
where is the innervation of the upper limb derived from?
derived from brachial plexus
46
what is the order of the brachial plexus?
roots--->trunks---->divisions---->cords----->terminal nerves
47
what are the different roots of the brachial plexus?
```
c5
c6
c7
c8
t1
```
48
what are the different terminal nerves of the brachial plexus?
- musculocutaneous
- median
- radial
- ulnar
49
where are the cords of the brachial plexus arranged?
around 2nd part of axillary artery
50
what is the median nerve formed by?
lateral and medial cords
51
what is the musculocutaneous nerve formed by?
lateral cord
52
what is the radial nerve formed by?
posterior cord
53
what is the ulnar cord formed by?
medial cord
54
which roots form musculocutaneous nerve?
c5/6/7
| only nerve with no t1
55
which roots form median nerve?
c6/ c7/ c8/ t1
56
which roots form radial nerve?
c5/ c6/ c7/ c8/ t1
57
which roots form ulnar nerve?
c7/ c8/ t1
58
what are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm?
BBC
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- coracobrachialis
59
which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the upper arm?
musculocutaneous nerve
60
what is the role of the biceps brachii?
flexor & supinator of the forearm + weak flexor of humerus
61
what is the role of the brachialis?
flexor of forearm
62
what is the role of the coracobrachialis?
flexor and adductor of humerus
63
which muscles make up the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
medial, lateral & long heads of triceps brachii
64
which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?
radial nerve
65
what is the role of triceps brachii?
extension of forearm
66
what are the 3 ligaments of the elbow joint?
- radial collateral ligament
- annular ligament
- ulna collateral ligament
67
what are the primary muscles of supination?
- Biceps brachii
| - Supinator (posterior- deep layer)
68
what are the primary muscles of pronation?
- Pronator quadratus (anterior- deep layer)
| - Pronator teres (anterior- superficial layer)
69
are muscles in the anterior compartment of forearm extensors or flexors?
flexors
70
which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm?
median nerve
| EXCEPT for flexor carpi ulnaris & medial half of flexor digitorum profundus (innervated by ulnar nerve
71
what are the 3 deep muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
- Pronator quadratus
- Flexor digitorum profundus
- Flexor pollicis longus
72
what is the middle muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
73
what are the 4 superficial muscles of the forearm?
- Pronator teres
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Flexor carpi radialis
74
are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm extensors or flexors?
extensors
75
which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?
radial
76
what are the 5 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
- Supinator
- Extensor pollicis brevis
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Extensor indicis
- Abductor pollicis longus
77
what are the 7 superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digiti minimi
- Anconeus
78
what is the role of the flexor digitorum profundus?
- > inserts on distal phalanges
| - > flexes distal interphalangeal joints
79
what is the role of the Flexor digitorum superficialis?
- > inserts on middle phalanges
| - > flexes proximal interphalangeal joints
80
what is the common origin of anterior superficial muscles of forearm: Pronator teres,
Palmaris longus,
Flexor carpi ulnaris,
Flexor carpi radialis?
medial epicondyle of humerus
81
```
what is the common origin of the posterior muscles of forearm:
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Anconeus?
```
lateral epicondyle of humerus
82
where does posterior muscle of forearm- brachioradialis originate from?
originates from lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
83
where does posterior muscle of forearm- extensor carpi radialis longus originate from?
supracondylar ridge of humerus
84
name the 8 carpal bones?
- scaphoid
- lumate
- triquetrum
- pisiform (is a sesamoid bone)
- hamate (has a hook)
- capitate (largest)
- trapezoid
- trapezium
85
what kind of joint is a wrist joint?
condyloid
86
which 4 bones are involved in the articulation of the wrist joint?
radius, scaphoid, lunate + triquetrum
87
how do carpal bones articulate with radius?
Carpal bones form a convex surface, which articulates with the concave surface of the radius and articular disc
88
what is carpal tunnel syndrome caused by?
caused by compression of median nerve
89
which vein of the upper limb is a common site of venepuncture?
median cubital vein
90
what is median cubital vein formed by?
cephalic & basilic veins
91
which nerve innervates the dorsum of the hand (posterior)?
mainly radial
92
which nerve innervates the palm of the hand (anterior) and tips of digits?
mainly median
93
which part of the hand does the ulnar nerve innervate?
Ulnar side (5th digit & medial half of 4th)
94
what does damage to radial nerve cause?
wrist drop
95
does the radial nerve innervate intrinsic muscles of hand?
no
96
which muscles in anterior compartment of forearm does the median nerve not innervate?
flexor carpi ulnaris & medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
97
what would happen is the median nerve was severed at the elbow?
can’t flex 2nd & 3rd digits (Benediction sign)
98
does the ulna nerve supply thenar muscles ?
no-median nerve does
99
when do ulna nerve injuries commonly occur?
when the medial epicondyle fractures
100
```
Which cord of the brachial plexus gives rise to the radial nerve?
a-Lateral
b-Posterior
c-Medial
d-Median
e-Anterior
```
b-posterior
101
```
Which of these muscles causes medial rotation of the humerus?
a-Biceps brachii
b-Teres minor
c-Supraspinatus
d-Subscapularis
e-Deltoid
```
d-subscapularis
102
```
Which of these muscles is NOT innervated by the radial nerve?
a-Brachioradialis
b-Abductor pollicis brevis
c-Medial head of triceps brachii
d-Extensor digitorum
e-Supinator
```
b-Abductor pollicis brevis
103
what are the differences between male and female pelvis?
Larger sub-pubic angle in female pelvis (90-100) (70 in males) & wider pelvic inlet
-> adapted for childbirth
104
what type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball-and-socket joint
105
what is the socket of the hip joint?
acetabulum
106
what is the ball of the ball and socket joint?
head of femur
107
what is the blood supply to the femoral head?
the medial & lateral circumflex branches (of the profunda femoris)
108
what does the lumbosacral plexus give rise to?
femoral, sciatic and obturator nerves
109
what are the different classifications of hip muscles?
- extrinsic hip muscles
- intrinsic hip muscles
- hip adductors
- hip flexors/knee extensors
- hip extension/ knee flexion
110
name the extrinsic muscles of the hip and their function?
Iliacus + psoas major muscles
-> iliacus
-Allows hip flexion
111
name the superficial intrinsic muscle of the hip and its function?
Superficial = gluteus maximus
| -> most powerful hip extensor
112
name the deep intrinsic muscles of the hip and their function?
Deep = gluteus medius & gluteus minimus
| -> both abduct hip
113
what is excessive hip drop caused by?
Excessive hip drop is primarily a result of weakness in the gluteus medius
114
how many compartments of the thigh are there?
3
| anterior, posterior & medial
115
which compartment of the thigh are the hip adductors?
medial
116
name the most powerful hip adductor?
Adductor magnus
117
which nerve innervates the hip adductors?
obturator nerve (L2 – L4)
118
what compartment of the lower limb are the hip flexors and knee extensors?
anterior
119
which 4 muscles make up the quadriceps?
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus intermedius (located underneath rectus femoris)
120
which nerve innervates the quadriceps?
Innervated by femoral nerve (L2 – L4); motor to quadriceps & sartorius
121
what is the function of the sartorius and the rectus femoris?
hip flexion
| knee extension
122
what is the function of the vastus medialis?
knee extension
123
which compartment of the lower limb are hip extensors and knee flexors?
posterior compartment
| hamstrings
124
which 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment of lower limb (hamstrings)?
- Biceps femoris (long & short heads)
- Semi-tendinosis
- Semi-membranosis
125
which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstring)?
Innervated by sciatic nerve (L4 – S3); motor to hamstrings and ALL muscles of leg & foot
126
which nerves does the sciatic nerve split into?
-> sciatic nerve splits into common peroneal & tibial nerves in popliteal fossa
127
what is the function of biceps femoris?
- hip extension
- knee flexion
- lateral rotation
128
describe the function of semi-membranous muscle?
- hip extension
- knee flexion
- lateral rotation
129
what type of joint is the knee joint?
synovial hinge joint
130
which movements occur at the knee joint?
flexion/ extension but some rotation and translation
131
which 3 bones make up the knee joint?
femur, tibia and patella
132
what are the 2 articulations of the knee joint?
tibiofemoral joint & patellofemoral joint
133
what are some of the primary stabilising features of the knee joint?
```
liagments:
ACL
PCL
MCL
LCL
```
134
what are the secondary stabilising features of the knee joint?
muscles-hamstrings
135
what movement does the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) resist?
-resists anterior tibial translation
OR
-resists posterior femoral translation
136
what movement does PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) resist?
-resists posterior tibial translation
OR
-resists anterior femoral translation
137
what movements do the lateral and medial collateral ligaments control?
control the side to side motion of your knee and brace it against unusual movement
138
what shape is the medial menisci and how does this affect mobility?
- C-shaped
- less mobile
- more risk of injury
139
what shape is the lateral menisci and how does this affect mobility?
- almost O-shaped
- more mobile
- less risk of injury
140
what are menisci made of?
rings of fibrocartilage
141
how many compartments is the lower leg split into?
3
- anterior
- posterior
- lateral
142
what is the role of the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
eversion of the foot
143
which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
superficial fibular nerve
144
which two muscles are in the pair of foot evertors?
- fibularis longus (attached to 1st metatarsal)
| - fibulairs brevis (attached to 5th metatarsal)
145
where do tendons pass into the foot?
behind the lateral malleolus
146
what movements are the muscles in the anterior component of the lower leg responsible for?
- dorsiflexion, inversion of ankle
| - extension of toes
147
which nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior component of the lower leg?
deep fibular nerve
148
which muscles are in the anterior component of the lower leg?
- tibialis anterior
- fibularis tertius
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
149
what is the role of tibialis anterior?
- primary dorsiflexor
| - primary invertor-as attached to medial surface of foot
150
what is the role of the fibularis tertius?
the third evertor
151
what is the role of extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus?
toe extensors
152
what movements are the muscles in the posterior component of the lower leg responsible for?
plantarflexion, inversion, flexion of toes
153
which nerve innervates the posterior component of the lower leg?
tibial nerve
154
which muscles are in the superficial layer of the posterior component of the lower leg?
- >triceps surae (gastrocnemius + soleus)
| - >plantaris
155
which muscles are in the deep layer of the posterior component of the lower leg?
tibialis posterior, popliteus & toe flexors
156
where does the gastronemius attach?
to posterior femur
157
what is the roles of the muscles making up the triceps surae?
- powerful plantarflexors
| - gastronemius=knee flexor
158
what is the role of the plantaris?
plantarflexor and knee flexor
159
where does the plantaris insert?
next to calcaneal tendon
160
what is the role of tibilais posterior?
plantar flexion and inversion of ankle
161
what is the role of flexor hallicus longus and flexor digitorum longus?
toe flexors
hallicus=big toe only
digitorum=toe 2-5
162
what is the role of the popliteus?
medial rotation of knee
163
name the tarsal bones
-talus
-calcaneus
-navicular
((-medial
-intermediate
-lateral (cuneiform))
-cuboid
Tiger Cubs Need MILC
164
where is the talocrural joint?
between talus and leg
165
where is the subtalar joint?
between talus and calcaneum
166
what kind of joint is the talocrural joint?
-Synovial hinge between talus and crus (bones of the leg)
167
what movements does the talocrural joint allow?
Uniaxial – one movement only, these movements are dorsi and plantar flexion
168
what does the irregular shape of the talus mean for dorsi and plantar flexion?
Irregular shape of talus means bones are more congruent in dorsiflexion than plantarflexion
- > more stable in dorsiflexion
- > more risk of injury in plantarflexion
169
which movements does the subtalar joint allow?
Allows eversion & inversion
Inversion – 35 degrees; equivalent to supination of hand
Eversion – 20 degrees; equivalent to pronation of hand
170
name the 2 types of ankle ligaments
medial
| lateral
171
what are the features of medial ankle ligament?
- deltoid lig
- single
- strong
- thick ligament
- more stable
172
what are the features of lateral ankle ligaments?
- numerous
- thinner
- weaker
- more hyperinversion injuries
173
```
which muscle is the most powerful hip extensor?
a-Gluteus medius
b-Rectus femoris
c-Biceps femoris
d-Gluteus medius
e-Gluteus maximus
```
e
174
```
Which of the following structures resists posterior tibial translation?
a-Medial collateral ligament
b-PCL
c-Lateral collateral ligament
d-ACL
e-Sartorius
```
b
