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Medicine yr1 > MSK-anatomy-HARC > Flashcards

MSK-anatomy-HARC Flashcards

1
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?

A

-cranial nerve VII—>the facial nerve

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2
Q

what are the muscles of facial expression responsible for?

A
  • moving the skin to provide facial expression

- act as sphincters around the eyes and mouth

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3
Q

what are the muscles of mastication responsible for?

A

moving the mandible at the Temporomandibular joint

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4
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

cranial nerve V – the trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

where are the muscles of mastication derived from?

A

pharyngeal arch I

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6
Q

what are the different branches of the trigeminal nerve and what types of nerves are they?

A
  • Ophthalmic (V1)- sensory
  • Maxillary (V2)- sensory
  • Mandibular (V3)- sensory & motor to muscles of mastication
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7
Q

name the branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
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8
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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9
Q

how many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

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10
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae and spinal nerves are there?

A

12

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11
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae and spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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12
Q

how many sacral vertebrae and spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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13
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

3/4

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14
Q

how many coccygeal spinal nerves?

A

1

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15
Q

what forms the coccyx?

A

3/4 coccygeal vertebrae are fused

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16
Q

what are the roles of intervertebral discs?

A
  • act as shock absorbers by keeping vertebrae separated when there is impact
  • provide flexibility to spine-facilitating flexion and extension
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17
Q

what is the the annulus fibrosis made up of?

A
  • made of fibrocartilage

- tough and collagenous

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18
Q

what is the role of the annulus fibrosis?

A

prevents over-rotation of the vertebrae

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19
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus made up of?

A

jelly-like- mainly composed of water & loose network of collagen

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20
Q

what is the role of the nucleus pulposus?

A

allows discs to withstand forces of compression and torsion

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21
Q

which cervical vertebrae is atlas?

A

C1

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22
Q

what is different about atlas compared with other cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is only cervical vertebra that has no spinous process

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23
Q

which cervical vertebrae is axis?

A

C2

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24
Q

does C2 have a spinous process?

A

yes-bifid spinous process

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25
Q

what is the joint between skull base and C1 called?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

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26
Q

which movements occur at the Atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Flexion & extension occurs at this joint between the skull & C1 (e.g. when you nod & say yes)

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27
Q

what is the joint between c1 and c2 called?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

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28
Q

what does the articulation between c1 and c2 allow?

A

allows you to shake your head left & right (eg. when you shake your head & say no)

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29
Q

how is c1 arranged above c2?

A

C1 slotted over C2 (anterior arch of C1 slots over the dens process of C2)

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30
Q

what is the role of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

limits hyperflexion of neck, keeps your head from dropping

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31
Q

what is the role of suprapinous ligament?

A

strong, fibrous cord that helps maintain upright position of head and (limit hyperflexion of the whole vertebral column)

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32
Q

what is the role of the interspinous ligament?

A

limit flexion by restricting separation of spinous process

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33
Q

what is the role of the ligamentum flavum?

A

maintains upright posture, helps preserve normal curvature and straightens column after flexion (elasticity can reduce with old age)

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34
Q

what is the role of anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

limits extension

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35
Q

what is the role of posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

limits flexion

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36
Q 
the temporalis muscle is innervated by which muscle?
a-Facial nerve
b-Ophthalmic nerve
c-Mandibular nerve
d-Maxillary nerve
e-Superficial temporal nerve
A

c-mandibular nerve

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37
Q 
which of these structures does not pass through the jugular foramen?
a-CN IX
b-Internal jugular vein
c-CN XII
d-CN X
e-CN XI
A

c-CN XII

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38
Q

which bone of the forearm does the capitulum articulate with?

A

articulates with radius (round head)

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39
Q

which bone of the forearm does the trochlea articulate with?

A

articulates with ulna

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40
Q

what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

SITS

  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
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41
Q

what is the role of supraspinatus?

A

initiation of abduction

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42
Q

what is the role of the infraspinatus?

A

lateral rotation of humerus

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43
Q

what is the role of the teres minor?

A

lateral rotation of humerus

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44
Q

what is the role of the subscapularis?

A

medial rotation of humerus

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45
Q

where is the innervation of the upper limb derived from?

A

derived from brachial plexus

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46
Q

what is the order of the brachial plexus?

A

roots—>trunks—->divisions—->cords—–>terminal nerves

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47
Q

what are the different roots of the brachial plexus?

A 
c5
c6
c7
c8
t1
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48
Q

what are the different terminal nerves of the brachial plexus?

A
  • musculocutaneous
  • median
  • radial
  • ulnar
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49
Q

where are the cords of the brachial plexus arranged?

A

around 2nd part of axillary artery

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50
Q

what is the median nerve formed by?

A

lateral and medial cords

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51
Q

what is the musculocutaneous nerve formed by?

A

lateral cord

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52
Q

what is the radial nerve formed by?

A

posterior cord

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53
Q

what is the ulnar cord formed by?

A

medial cord

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54
Q

which roots form musculocutaneous nerve?

A

c5/6/7

only nerve with no t1

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55
Q

which roots form median nerve?

A

c6/ c7/ c8/ t1

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56
Q

which roots form radial nerve?

A

c5/ c6/ c7/ c8/ t1

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57
Q

which roots form ulnar nerve?

A

c7/ c8/ t1

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58
Q

what are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

BBC

  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • coracobrachialis
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59
Q

which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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60
Q

what is the role of the biceps brachii?

A

flexor & supinator of the forearm + weak flexor of humerus

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61
Q

what is the role of the brachialis?

A

flexor of forearm

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62
Q

what is the role of the coracobrachialis?

A

flexor and adductor of humerus

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63
Q

which muscles make up the posterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

medial, lateral & long heads of triceps brachii

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64
Q

which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

radial nerve

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65
Q

what is the role of triceps brachii?

A

extension of forearm

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66
Q

what are the 3 ligaments of the elbow joint?

A
  • radial collateral ligament
  • annular ligament
  • ulna collateral ligament
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67
Q

what are the primary muscles of supination?

A
  • Biceps brachii

- Supinator (posterior- deep layer)

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68
Q

what are the primary muscles of pronation?

A
  • Pronator quadratus (anterior- deep layer)

- Pronator teres (anterior- superficial layer)

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69
Q

are muscles in the anterior compartment of forearm extensors or flexors?

A

flexors

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70
Q

which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

median nerve

EXCEPT for flexor carpi ulnaris & medial half of flexor digitorum profundus (innervated by ulnar nerve

71
Q

what are the 3 deep muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Pronator quadratus
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor pollicis longus
72
Q

what is the middle muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

73
Q

what are the 4 superficial muscles of the forearm?

A
  • Pronator teres
  • Palmaris longus
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor carpi radialis
74
Q

are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm extensors or flexors?

75
Q

which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?

76
Q

what are the 5 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Supinator
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor indicis
  • Abductor pollicis longus
77
Q

what are the 7 superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Brachioradialis
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor digiti minimi
  • Anconeus
78
Q

what is the role of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A
  • > inserts on distal phalanges

- > flexes distal interphalangeal joints

79
Q

what is the role of the Flexor digitorum superficialis?

A
  • > inserts on middle phalanges

- > flexes proximal interphalangeal joints

80
Q

what is the common origin of anterior superficial muscles of forearm: Pronator teres,
Palmaris longus,
Flexor carpi ulnaris,
Flexor carpi radialis?

A

medial epicondyle of humerus

81
Q 
what is the common origin of the posterior muscles of forearm:
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Anconeus?
A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

82
Q

where does posterior muscle of forearm- brachioradialis originate from?

A

originates from lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

83
Q

where does posterior muscle of forearm- extensor carpi radialis longus originate from?

A

supracondylar ridge of humerus

84
Q

name the 8 carpal bones?

A
  • scaphoid
  • lumate
  • triquetrum
  • pisiform (is a sesamoid bone)
  • hamate (has a hook)
  • capitate (largest)
  • trapezoid
  • trapezium
85
Q

what kind of joint is a wrist joint?

86
Q

which 4 bones are involved in the articulation of the wrist joint?

A

radius, scaphoid, lunate + triquetrum

87
Q

how do carpal bones articulate with radius?

A

Carpal bones form a convex surface, which articulates with the concave surface of the radius and articular disc

88
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome caused by?

A

caused by compression of median nerve

89
Q

which vein of the upper limb is a common site of venepuncture?

A

median cubital vein

90
Q

what is median cubital vein formed by?

A

cephalic & basilic veins

91
Q

which nerve innervates the dorsum of the hand (posterior)?

A

mainly radial

92
Q

which nerve innervates the palm of the hand (anterior) and tips of digits?

A

mainly median

93
Q

which part of the hand does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Ulnar side (5th digit & medial half of 4th)

94
Q

what does damage to radial nerve cause?

A

wrist drop

95
Q

does the radial nerve innervate intrinsic muscles of hand?

96
Q

which muscles in anterior compartment of forearm does the median nerve not innervate?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris & medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

97
Q

what would happen is the median nerve was severed at the elbow?

A

can’t flex 2nd & 3rd digits (Benediction sign)

98
Q

does the ulna nerve supply thenar muscles ?

A

no-median nerve does

99
Q

when do ulna nerve injuries commonly occur?

A

when the medial epicondyle fractures

100
Q 
Which cord of the brachial plexus gives rise to the radial nerve?
a-Lateral
b-Posterior
c-Medial
d-Median
e-Anterior
A

b-posterior

101
Q 
Which of these muscles causes medial rotation of the humerus? 
a-Biceps brachii
b-Teres minor
c-Supraspinatus
d-Subscapularis
e-Deltoid
A

d-subscapularis

102
Q 
Which of these muscles is NOT innervated by the radial nerve?
a-Brachioradialis
b-Abductor pollicis brevis
c-Medial head of triceps brachii
d-Extensor digitorum
e-Supinator
A

b-Abductor pollicis brevis

103
Q

what are the differences between male and female pelvis?

A

Larger sub-pubic angle in female pelvis (90-100) (70 in males) & wider pelvic inlet
-> adapted for childbirth

104
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball-and-socket joint

105
Q

what is the socket of the hip joint?

A

acetabulum

106
Q

what is the ball of the ball and socket joint?

A

head of femur

107
Q

what is the blood supply to the femoral head?

A

the medial & lateral circumflex branches (of the profunda femoris)

108
Q

what does the lumbosacral plexus give rise to?

A

femoral, sciatic and obturator nerves

109
Q

what are the different classifications of hip muscles?

A
  • extrinsic hip muscles
  • intrinsic hip muscles
  • hip adductors
  • hip flexors/knee extensors
  • hip extension/ knee flexion
110
Q

name the extrinsic muscles of the hip and their function?

A

Iliacus + psoas major muscles
-> iliacus

-Allows hip flexion

111
Q

name the superficial intrinsic muscle of the hip and its function?

A

Superficial = gluteus maximus

-> most powerful hip extensor

112
Q

name the deep intrinsic muscles of the hip and their function?

A

Deep = gluteus medius & gluteus minimus

-> both abduct hip

113
Q

what is excessive hip drop caused by?

A

Excessive hip drop is primarily a result of weakness in the gluteus medius

114
Q

how many compartments of the thigh are there?

A

3

anterior, posterior & medial

115
Q

which compartment of the thigh are the hip adductors?

116
Q

name the most powerful hip adductor?

A

Adductor magnus

117
Q

which nerve innervates the hip adductors?

A

obturator nerve (L2 – L4)

118
Q

what compartment of the lower limb are the hip flexors and knee extensors?

119
Q

which 4 muscles make up the quadriceps?

A
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius (located underneath rectus femoris)
120
Q

which nerve innervates the quadriceps?

A

Innervated by femoral nerve (L2 – L4); motor to quadriceps & sartorius

121
Q

what is the function of the sartorius and the rectus femoris?

A

hip flexion

knee extension

122
Q

what is the function of the vastus medialis?

A

knee extension

123
Q

which compartment of the lower limb are hip extensors and knee flexors?

A

posterior compartment

hamstrings

124
Q

which 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment of lower limb (hamstrings)?

A
  • Biceps femoris (long & short heads)
  • Semi-tendinosis
  • Semi-membranosis
125
Q

which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstring)?

A

Innervated by sciatic nerve (L4 – S3); motor to hamstrings and ALL muscles of leg & foot

126
Q

which nerves does the sciatic nerve split into?

A

-> sciatic nerve splits into common peroneal & tibial nerves in popliteal fossa

127
Q

what is the function of biceps femoris?

A
  • hip extension
  • knee flexion
  • lateral rotation
128
Q

describe the function of semi-membranous muscle?

A
  • hip extension
  • knee flexion
  • lateral rotation
129
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint?

A

synovial hinge joint

130
Q

which movements occur at the knee joint?

A

flexion/ extension but some rotation and translation

131
Q

which 3 bones make up the knee joint?

A

femur, tibia and patella

132
Q

what are the 2 articulations of the knee joint?

A

tibiofemoral joint & patellofemoral joint

133
Q

what are some of the primary stabilising features of the knee joint?

A 
liagments:
ACL
PCL
MCL
LCL
134
Q

what are the secondary stabilising features of the knee joint?

A

muscles-hamstrings

135
Q

what movement does the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) resist?

A

-resists anterior tibial translation
OR
-resists posterior femoral translation

136
Q

what movement does PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) resist?

A

-resists posterior tibial translation
OR
-resists anterior femoral translation

137
Q

what movements do the lateral and medial collateral ligaments control?

A

control the side to side motion of your knee and brace it against unusual movement

138
Q

what shape is the medial menisci and how does this affect mobility?

A
  • C-shaped
  • less mobile
  • more risk of injury
139
Q

what shape is the lateral menisci and how does this affect mobility?

A
  • almost O-shaped
  • more mobile
  • less risk of injury
140
Q

what are menisci made of?

A

rings of fibrocartilage

141
Q

how many compartments is the lower leg split into?

A

3

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • lateral
142
Q

what is the role of the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

eversion of the foot

143
Q

which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

superficial fibular nerve

144
Q

which two muscles are in the pair of foot evertors?

A
  • fibularis longus (attached to 1st metatarsal)

- fibulairs brevis (attached to 5th metatarsal)

145
Q

where do tendons pass into the foot?

A

behind the lateral malleolus

146
Q

what movements are the muscles in the anterior component of the lower leg responsible for?

A
  • dorsiflexion, inversion of ankle

- extension of toes

147
Q

which nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior component of the lower leg?

A

deep fibular nerve

148
Q

which muscles are in the anterior component of the lower leg?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • fibularis tertius
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
149
Q

what is the role of tibialis anterior?

A
  • primary dorsiflexor

- primary invertor-as attached to medial surface of foot

150
Q

what is the role of the fibularis tertius?

A

the third evertor

151
Q

what is the role of extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus?

A

toe extensors

152
Q

what movements are the muscles in the posterior component of the lower leg responsible for?

A

plantarflexion, inversion, flexion of toes

153
Q

which nerve innervates the posterior component of the lower leg?

A

tibial nerve

154
Q

which muscles are in the superficial layer of the posterior component of the lower leg?

A
  • > triceps surae (gastrocnemius + soleus)

- >plantaris

155
Q

which muscles are in the deep layer of the posterior component of the lower leg?

A

tibialis posterior, popliteus & toe flexors

156
Q

where does the gastronemius attach?

A

to posterior femur

157
Q

what is the roles of the muscles making up the triceps surae?

A
  • powerful plantarflexors

- gastronemius=knee flexor

158
Q

what is the role of the plantaris?

A

plantarflexor and knee flexor

159
Q

where does the plantaris insert?

A

next to calcaneal tendon

160
Q

what is the role of tibilais posterior?

A

plantar flexion and inversion of ankle

161
Q

what is the role of flexor hallicus longus and flexor digitorum longus?

A

toe flexors
hallicus=big toe only
digitorum=toe 2-5

162
Q

what is the role of the popliteus?

A

medial rotation of knee

163
Q

name the tarsal bones

A

-talus
-calcaneus
-navicular
((-medial
-intermediate
-lateral (cuneiform))
-cuboid

Tiger Cubs Need MILC

164
Q

where is the talocrural joint?

A

between talus and leg

165
Q

where is the subtalar joint?

A

between talus and calcaneum

166
Q

what kind of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

-Synovial hinge between talus and crus (bones of the leg)

167
Q

what movements does the talocrural joint allow?

A

Uniaxial – one movement only, these movements are dorsi and plantar flexion

168
Q

what does the irregular shape of the talus mean for dorsi and plantar flexion?

A

Irregular shape of talus means bones are more congruent in dorsiflexion than plantarflexion

  • > more stable in dorsiflexion
  • > more risk of injury in plantarflexion
169
Q

which movements does the subtalar joint allow?

A

Allows eversion & inversion
Inversion – 35 degrees; equivalent to supination of hand
Eversion – 20 degrees; equivalent to pronation of hand

170
Q

name the 2 types of ankle ligaments

A

medial

lateral

171
Q

what are the features of medial ankle ligament?

A
  • deltoid lig
  • single
  • strong
  • thick ligament
  • more stable
172
Q

what are the features of lateral ankle ligaments?

A
  • numerous
  • thinner
  • weaker
  • more hyperinversion injuries
173
Q 
which muscle is the most powerful hip extensor?
a-Gluteus medius
b-Rectus femoris
c-Biceps femoris
d-Gluteus medius
e-Gluteus maximus
174
Q 
Which of the following structures resists posterior tibial translation?
a-Medial collateral ligament
b-PCL
c-Lateral collateral ligament
d-ACL 
e-Sartorius

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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