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Medicine yr1 > FOUND-SOM-HAEM > Flashcards

FOUND-SOM-HAEM Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 components of blood and their % makeup?

A
  • plasma-55%
  • (buffy coat) WBCs and platelets <1%
  • RBCs 45%
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2
Q

what are the components of plasma?

A 
>95% water
6-8% dissolved proteins
glucose
electrolytes
-hormones
-co2
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3
Q

what is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

If you take the clotting factors out of plasma, then you have serum. This occurs in blood centrifugation

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4
Q

describe embryonic stem cell differentiation related to haematopoiesis?

A

Blastocyte—>pluripotent cells (stem)—->endoderm/germ cells/mesoderm——>forms precursor cells-haemangioblasts

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5
Q

what do haemangioblasts form?

A

vascular cells

blood cells

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6
Q

what are the sites of fetal haematopoiesis?

A
  • yolk sac
  • liver
  • spleen
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7
Q

what are the sites of postnatal haematopoiesis?

A
  • —>red bone marrow
  • pelvis
  • vertebral column
  • —>extramedullary regions: thymus
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8
Q

what is haematopoesis?

A

differentiation of cells to form different blood cells

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9
Q

how many blood cells does each haematopoetic stem cell have the potential to produce after 20 divisions?

A

10^6

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10
Q

what is the significance of RBCs being anucleate?

A

no transcription of unnecessary genes

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11
Q

what is the role of RBCs?

A

-carry O2 from the lungs and return CO2

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12
Q

what is the shape of RBCs and what is it significance?

A

discoid shape

-increases SA allowing gas exchange to take place over largest possible SA

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13
Q

what are the main functions of thrombocytes (platelets)?

A
  • form platelet plug in order to stop bleeding following injury
  • initiates wound healing/ innate immune function
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14
Q

what are the blood cells associated with adaptive immunity?

A
  • all lymphocytes
  • B cell
  • CD4+ T-cell (Helper)
  • CD8+ T-cell (killer)
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15
Q

what is the site of maturation of B-cells ?

A

bone marrow but once mature, resides in the blood stream and lymph nodes

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16
Q

What is the site of maturation of CD4+/ CD8+ T-cells?

A

thymus-but once mature, reside in lymph nodes

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17
Q

what are the functions of B-cells?

A
  • primary cell type of humoral immunity
  • will differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells
  • also use CD4+ cells to help produce antibodies which are complimentary to the antigen
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18
Q

what are the functions of CD4+ T-cell?

A
  • work with MHC Class II molecules to exogenously process pathogens, and then present the antigens to B-cells
  • this causes B cells to produces antibodies complimentary to antigen
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19
Q

what is the role of CD8+ T cells?

A

work with MHC Class I molecules to endogenously process pathogens-killing them

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20
Q

Which 7 blood cells are associated with innate immunity?

A
  • macrophage
  • dendritic cells
  • natural killer cells
  • mast cells
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophil
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21
Q

which blood cells, associated with innate immune system, are granulocytes?

A
  • mast cells
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophil
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22
Q

which blood cells associated with innate immune system are phagocytes, sentinel and APC?

A
  • macrophage

- dendritic cells

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23
Q

what type of cell are natural killer cells?

A

lymphocytes

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24
Q

what is the appearance of macrophages?

A

central round nucleus with a vacuole

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25
Q

what is the appearance of dendritic cells?

A

large branchlike projections coming off the body

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26
Q

what is the appearance of natural killer cells?

A
  • single-lobed nucleus

- very little cytoplasm

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27
Q

what is the appearance of mast cells?

A
  • ‘fried egg’ appearance of nucleus and cytoplasm

- granules

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28
Q

what is the appearance of neutrophils?

A
  • multilobed nucleus

- granules

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29
Q

what is the appearance of basophils?

A
  • 2-lobed nucleus
  • purple-staining
  • granules
30
Q

what is the appearance of eosinophils?

A
  • 2-lobed nucleus
  • orange-staining
  • granules
31
Q

what does a monocyte develop into?

A

macrophage

32
Q

what is the shape of the nucleus of monocytes?

A

horse-shoe shaped

33
Q

what are the roles of macrophages?

A
  • phagocytose pathogens

- may present the digested antibodies to stimulate the rest of the immune system

34
Q

what are the roles of dendritic cells?

A
  • phagocytose pathogens

- presents digested antibodies to trigger adaptive immune response

35
Q

what is the role of natural killer cells?

A

-kills tumour and virus infected cells by releasing perforin

36
Q

what are the roles of mast cells?

A
  • causes vasodilation and inflammation
  • degranulation to release heparin and histamines
  • can phagocytose and present antigens too
37
Q

what are the most abundant granulocyte cells?

A

neutrophils (70%)

38
Q

what are the roles of neutrophils?

A

first responder at the site of infection

  • degranulates releasing toxins which kill pathogens
  • can also phagocytose
39
Q

what are the roles of basophils?

A
  • defends against parasites

- causes allergic inflammation by degranulation to release histamine and heparin

40
Q

what are the roles of eosinophils?

A
  • defends against parasites

- causes allergic inflammation by degranulation to release histamine and heparin

41
Q

how does cell differentiation of blood cells occur?

A
  • gene expression
  • cellular environment
  • cellular signalling from transcription/ growth factors
42
Q

how are erythropoietins (EPO) produced?

A

produced by interstitial fibroblasts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney

43
Q

what do EPOs do?

A

stimulate production of RBCs

44
Q

where are thrombopoietin (TPOs) produced?

A

in the liver

45
Q

what is the function of TPOs?

A

aids production of platelets

46
Q

how are granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) produced?

A

produced by macrophages and endothelial cells

47
Q

what is the role of G-CSF?

A

stimulates production and maturation of neutrophils

48
Q

what are interleukins?

A

proteins that mediate communication between cells

49
Q

which cell type is most involved in the cutaneous immunosurveillance?

A

-langerhans cells

50
Q

which transcription factor is involved in the production of neutrophils?

A

G-CSF

51
Q

which WBC type bridges innate and adaptive immunity?

A

monocytes-as they can engulf and destroy foreign organisms and particles through phagocytosis (innate) and then stimulate T and B cells through presentation of digested peptides on their cell surface (adaptive)

52
Q

describe the basic structure of immunoglobulin molecule

A
  • heavy and light chains encoded by different genes
  • constant region functions to bind specific receptors Fc receptors
  • variable region functions to bind antigen
53
Q

what are the 5 types of immunoglobulins?

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgD
54
Q

which immunoglobulins are involved in innate immune cell activation?

A

IgA

IgE

55
Q

what are the roles of IgG?

A
  • opsonisation
  • activation of complement
  • immune cell activation
56
Q

what is the role of IgM?

A

activation of serum complement

57
Q

which cytokines are important for adaptive immunity?

A
  • IFN-induces IgG class switch and promotes development of effector CD8+ T cells
  • IL4/ IL21-induces IgG class switch, aids affinity maturation of B cells for production of plasma and memory cells
  • IL17-involved in mucosal immunity
  • IL10-immune response inhibition
58
Q

describe B-cell maturation.

A
  • germinal cell reaction
  • B cells enter LN to encounter antigen and cognate help from CD4+ T-cells
  • affinity maturation occurs to enhance antibody-antigen interaction
  • generation of immune memory
  • -memory B cells
  • -plasma cells
59
Q

what is the role of mature RBCs?

A

o2 transportation

60
Q

in which process are RBCs synthesised?

A

erythropoiesis

61
Q

what are the steps involved in erythropoiesis?

A

IN BONE MARROW:
stem cell—->proerythroblast—->early erythroblast (ribosome synthesis)—->late erythroblast (Hb acculmulation)—->normoblast——>reticulocyte (remains in BM for 3 days)

CIRCULATION:
reticulocyte—–(24-48hrs)—->erythrocyte

62
Q

what is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

63
Q

which 3 organs are involved in erythrocyte removal?

A
  • spleen
  • liver
  • bone marrow
64
Q

which cells are involved in erythrocyte removal?

A

macrophages

65
Q

describe how macrophages remove erythrocytes.

A
  • macrophages engulf and break down old RBCs
  • left with lots of Hb
  • Hb broken down into globin and haem
  • globulin broken down into amino acids
  • haem broken down into Fe2+ and bilirubin
66
Q

what are the amino acids from globin used for?

A

used in haematopoiesis in bone marrow

67
Q

what are the Fe2+ ions from haem used for?

A
  • obtains a Fe2+ transporter-transferin in liver

- travels to bone marrow for erythropoiesis

68
Q

what happens to the bilirubin from haem?

A

-enters bile
-secreted into duodeum via the bile duct
-excreted in faeces
OR
-reabsorbed and excreted in urine

69
Q

what hormone is important in influencing erythropoiesis and what does it do?

A

erythropoietin-stimulates erythropoietin

70
Q

which organ secretes hormone erythropoietin?

A

kidney

71
Q

what is a potential consequence of kidney failure due to its resulting inability to secrete erythropoetin?

A

anemia

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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