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medicine yr1 > ENDO-adrenal glands > Flashcards

ENDO-adrenal glands Flashcards

1
Q

what class of corticosteroid does the zona glomerulosa layer of adrenal cortex secrete?

A

mineralcorticoids

eg aldosterone

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2
Q

how is the zona glomerulosa arranged?

A

in spherical clusters and arched columns

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3
Q

what class of corticosteroid does the zona fasciculata layer of adrenal cortex secrete?

A

glucocorticoids

eg cortisol

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4
Q

how is the zona fasciculata arranged?

A

straight columns

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5
Q

what does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

androgens

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6
Q

how is the zona reticularis arranged?

A

branching cords

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7
Q

what does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulate?

A

blood pressure

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8
Q

describe the steps in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A
  • macula densa cells detect low Na+ conc
  • baroreceptors detect drop in bp
  • —->stimulates juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys to secrete RENIN
  • —->stimulates liver to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
  • —>ACE enzyme from the liver converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
  • —>causes multiple effects
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9
Q

what are the effects of angiotensin 2?

A
  • > Aldosterone production
  • > Stimulates ADH release
  • > Arterial vasoconstriction
  • > Degrades Bradykinin
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10
Q

what is the effect of ADH secretion on blood pressure?

A
  • > Cause increase in reabsorption of H2O
  • > Thus increase in blood volume
  • > Thus increase in blood pressure
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11
Q

what does aldosterone act on and what does it do?

A

->Acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney

->Increases Na+ reabsorption
Therefore increase in blood pressure

->Increase in potassium excretion
More potassium urinated out

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12
Q

how does arterial vasoconstriction affect blood pressure?

A
  • > angiotensin2 acts on kidneys
  • > Causes vasoconstriction of arterioles
  • > More narrow vessel = more pressure
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13
Q

what is the role of bradykinin?

A
  • > Bradykinin synthesizes nitric oxide (NO)

- >NO is a vasodilator

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14
Q

what is the effect of ACE on bradykinin and how does this affect blood pressure?

A
  • > ACE degrades bradykinin

- >Thus less vasodilation so more vasoconstriction

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15
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on glucose?

A
  • increase gluconeogenesis
  • decrease hepatic glycogen synthesis
  • inhibit peripheral glucose uptake
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16
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on lipids?

A
  • increased appetite

- fat deposition

17
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on protein?

A
  • increased protein breakdown

- decreased protein production

18
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on ions?

A
  • increased sodium retention
  • increased potassium loss
  • anti-inflammatory effects
19
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on stress resistance?

A

Glucocorticoids make blood vessels more sensitive to vasoconstricting hormones, raising blood pressure

20
Q

what are the effects of cortisol on immunity?

A

High doses of glucocorticoids suppress immune response

21
Q

describe the regulation of cortisol

A

low cortisol—>ACTH produced by anterior pituitary—->travel to zona fasciculata—>cause cortisol production—->until cortisol returns to normal

22
Q

what type of feedback is the regulation of cortisol?

A

negative

23
Q

what are the functions of androgens?

A
  • in females->promote libido and converted to estrogens
  • > after menopause all female estrogens come from conversion of adrenal androgens
  • stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth in boys and girls
  • contribute to prepubertal growth spurt
24
Q

what is the main purpose of the adrenal medulla?

A
  • produce catecholamines
  • > noradrenaline
  • > adrenaline
25
Q

what are the functions of catecholamines?

A

-Prepare the body for the sympathetic fight-or-flight response

  • > Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  • > Breakdown of fats – fatty acids
  • > Increase rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction

->This all enables the body to deal with physical and physiological stress

26
Q

what is Cushing’s syndrome associated with?

A

hypersecretion of cortisol

27
Q

what is Addison’s disease associated with?

A

-undersecretion of cortisol

28
Q

what generally causes Addison’s disease?

A

autoimmune disease that attacks adrenal cortex

-causing insufficient aldosterone and cortisol produced

medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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