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Medicine yr1 > FOUND-HARC-THE SKELETON > Flashcards

FOUND-HARC-THE SKELETON Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 functions of the skeleton?

A
  • support
  • movement
  • storage of minerals and ions
  • production of blood cells
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2
Q

what are the two bone arrangements?

A

compact bone

trabecular bone

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of a compact bone?

A
  • more dense
  • very strong (compressive and tensile strength)
  • only strong in 1 direction
  • made up of osteons arranged in concentric circles of collagen fibres around a central canal-Haversian canal -contains blood vessels and nerves
  • fibres run in 1 direction so very strong
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4
Q

what are the characteristics of trabecular bone?

A
  • aka spongy bone
  • made up of struts
  • not as strong
  • can take forces in different directions
  • important in joints
  • contains cross-links
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5
Q

what is a long bone?

A

bones which are longer than they are wide

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6
Q

what is the ossification?

A

process of bone formation where other tissues are replaced with bone

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7
Q

what are the 2 forms of ossification?

A
  • endochondral (most common)-bone replaces existing cartilage model
  • intramembranous-bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connecting tissue
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8
Q

what is cartilage and what is it made up of?

A
  • flexible connective tissue

- made up of chondrocytes which produce and maintain the extracellular matrix-mainly collagen and some tissue fluid

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9
Q

what is the process of endochondral ossification?

A

1-chondrocytes increase in size while matrix calcifies around them-starves and kills chondrocytes
2-blood vessels grow into perichondrium and cells differentiate into osteoblasts-bone forming cells-bone begins to form around cartilage shaft
3-blood vessels and fibroblasts migrate into cartilage-fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts
4-wave of ossification spreads towards end of bone
-osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells) absorb bone from centre-leaving marrow cavity
-compact bone forms from periosteum as bone grows forwards and surrounds marrow cavity
5-capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphytes and ossification begins-at secondary ossification centres-timing of this varies

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10
Q

what is an osteoblast?

A

bone forming cell

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11
Q

what are 2 types of cartilage growth?

A
  • interstitial-growth from within growth plate

- appositional-chondroblasts secrete new matrix along existing surface-causes cartilage to expand and widen

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12
Q

what does an epiphyseal growth plate do?

A

allows interstitial growth

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13
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A
  • smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
  • cushions between bones and reduces friction-arthiritis
  • does not grow bones
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14
Q

what are the types of growth of long bones?

A

-interstitial-high cartilage growth-results in lengthening of bone

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15
Q

what are 2 ways joints can be classes and explain

A
  • structural-based on intervening tissue

- functional-based on range of motion

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16
Q

what are the types of structural joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous-primary-hyaline cartilage
  • secondary-fibro cartilage
  • synovial-no tissue between 2 bones-synovial fluid
17
Q

what are the different types of functional joints?

A
  • synarthrosis (syn=together)-fixed
  • amphiarthrosis (amphi=both sides)-moves slightly
  • diarthrosis (dia=through)-moves freely
18
Q

what are intra-articular ligaments?

A

ligaments inside joint

19
Q

what are intra-articular menisci?

A

fibrocartilage joint to cushion joint and malleable so moulds to bone to shape joint

20
Q

what do intra-articular discs allow?

A

different movements to occur in joint cavity

21
Q

what are intra-articular labra?

A

helps deepen joints for stability

22
Q

what do bursae and fat pads do?

A
  • also surround joints
  • bursae-sacks of fluid reducing friction around joint
  • fat pad reduces friction
23
Q

how can you classify synovial joints?

A

• Number of articulating surfaces

  • simple-between 2 bones
  • compound-between more than 2 articular bone surfaces
  • complex-joints with intervening articular disc or menisci

• Axes of movement

  • Uniaxial-1 degree of freedom
  • Biaxial-2 degrees of freedom
  • multiaxial-3 degrees of freedom

• Shape of articular surfaces

  • gliding/planar joints
  • hinge joints
  • pivot joints
  • ellipsoid/condyloid joints
  • saddle/sellar joint
  • ball and socket
24
Q

what are examples of fibrous joints?

A
  • —->suture-predominantly in skull
  • —->syndesmosis-inferior tibiofibular joint
  • —–>gomphosis-tooth in bony socket
25
Q

what are examples of primary cartilaginous joints?

A
  • —->between diaphysis and epiphysis of bones
  • —–>in skull between sphenoid and occipital at base of skull-allows growth
  • —–>between 1st rib and sternum
26
Q

what are examples of secondary cartilaginous joints?

A
  • —–>intervertebral joints between vertebrae
  • —->manubriosternal joint between body and sternum
  • —–>pubic symphysis-between pubic parts of hip
27
Q

what do synovial joints contain?

A

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid which coats the articular cartilage-reduces friction

28
Q

what are the characteristics of gliding/planar joints?

A
  • —->flat/slightly curved surfaces
  • —–>surfaces slide across each other
  • —–>small movement
  • ——>rotation possible but often prevented by ligaments
29
Q

what are the charactersitics of hinge joints?

A

—–>permits angular motion in a single plane eg elbow or knee

30
Q

what are the characteristics of pivots?

A

——>permits rotation eg forearm-proximal radioulnar joint

31
Q

what are the characteristics of ellipsoid joints?

A
  • —–>oval articular face nestles within a depression in an opposing surface
  • ——>angular motion in 2 planes-along or across the length of oval
  • allows flexsion/extension/ abduction/adduction
32
Q

what are the characteristics of saddle joints?

A
  • —->2 surfaces fit like rider and saddle

- —–>concave angular rotation eg circumduction prevents rotation

33
Q

what are the characteristics of ball and socket joints?

A
  • —->round head sits within cup-shaped depression in another
  • —–>all combos of angular and rotational movements including circumduction can be performed

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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