UG-female reproductive system

Question 1

what is the female reproductive tract made up of (4)?

Answer 1

• vulva
• cervix
• fallopian tubes
• ovaries

Question 2

what supports the structures in the pelvis?

Answer 2

ligaments

Question 3

which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus?

Answer 3

fallopian tube

Question 4

what are the 3 parts of the uterus?

Answer 4

• fundus (head)
• body
• cervix

Question 5

what are the 2 restrictions of the cervix?

Answer 5

• internal os

- external os

Question 6

what is the space between the internal and external os called?

Answer 6

cervical canal

Question 7

what is the inner membrane of the uterus called?

Answer 7

endometrium

where the fertilised egg implants

Question 8

what is the myometrium?

Answer 8

the muscular wall of the uterus

Question 9

where does the majority of the uterus lie?

Answer 9

over the top of the bladder

Question 10

what are the 2 angles of the uterus?

Answer 10

• angle of anteversion

- angle of anteflexion

Question 11

describe anteversion

Answer 11

between axis of vagina and cervix

Question 12

describe anteflexion

Answer 12

between axis of cervix and uterine body

Question 13

what are the names of the 2 pouches?

Answer 13

• vesio-uterine-between bladder and uterus

- recto-uterine-between rectum and uterus

Question 14

outline the 3 parts of the deep external genitalia

Answer 14

• 2 corpus cavernosa
• bulb of vesibule
• great vesibular (Bartholin’s gland)

Question 15

what is the role of the corpus cavernosa?

Answer 15

each has a crus which line the pubic symphysis to form the glans clitoris

Question 16

what is the role of the bulb of vestibule?

Answer 16

erectile tissue on either side of vestibule of vagina

Question 17

what is the role of the vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland

Answer 17

secreted small amount of fluid to lubricate the vesibule of the vagina

Question 18

what do the mons pubis, labium majora/ minora and frenulum of clitoris form?

Answer 18

the vulva

Question 19

what makes up the superficial external genitalia?

Answer 19

• mons pubis
• labium majora
• labium minora
• frenulum of clitoris

Question 20

what is the mons pubis?

Answer 20

area of fascia and skin that lies just in front of the pubic symphysis-where the gubernaculum attaches

Question 21

what are the labium minora and majora?

Answer 21

outer and inner lips of the vagina prepuce-hood over the clitoris

-equivalent to glans penis in males

Question 22

what is the frenulum of the clitoris?

Answer 22

joining of the labia minora just underneath the clitoris

Question 23

how long is the female urethra?

Answer 23

4cm

Question 24

what problems does the length of the female urethra cause?

Answer 24

• more prone to UTIs than males

- less functional internal urethral sphincter

Question 25

how is the external urethral sphincter controlled?

Answer 25

under somatic control by pudendal nerve S2-4

Question 26

how is the female pelvis different to male

Answer 26

- rounder linea terminalis - pubic angle 85 - ilia project further laterally

Question 27

what is the role of FSH in the HPO axis?

Answer 27

-FSH binds to granulosa cells to stimulate follicle growth -permit the conversion of androgens (from theca cells) to oestrogens -stimulate inhibin secretion

Question 28

what is the role of LH in the HPO axis?

Answer 28

LH acts on theca cells to stimulate production and secretion of androgens

Question 29

what happens to the HPG axis when oestrogen levels are moderate?

Answer 29

Moderate oestrogen levels exert negative feedback on the HPG axis

Question 30

what happens to the HPG axis when oestrogen levels are high?

Answer 30

high levels of oestrogen (in the absence of progesterone) positively feedback on the HPG axis

Question 31

what effect does oestrogen in the presence of progesterone have on the HPG axis?

Answer 31

negative feedback

Question 32

what effect does inhibin have on FSH?

Answer 32

negative feedback at anterior pituitary

Question 33

at which point in development are there the most oogonia?

Answer 33

foetal period

Question 34

what do oogonia divide into in the foetal period?

Answer 34

primary oocytes

Question 35

what happens to primary oocytes in prophase 1 of the foetal period?

Answer 35

they are arrested

Question 36

why are the primary oocytes still arrested during childhood?

Answer 36

ovaries are inactive during childhood

Question 37

describe the process of oogenesis during puberty to menopause?

Answer 37

- once a month 1 primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 - arrests in metaphase 2 - 1 daughter cell takes all cellular contents other than DNA - this larger cell is now secondary oocyte - the other cell with DNA contents is called a polar body

Question 38

what is ovulation?

Answer 38

once a month an egg is released from ovaries

Question 39

what happens if the egg is fertilised?

Answer 39

- will form a zygote (2n) | - meiosis is completed and zygote travels to endometrium to implant into uterine wall

Question 40

what are primordial oocytes encapsulated in in the foetal period?

Answer 40

inside primordial follicles

Question 41

what are follicles made up of in the foetal period?

Answer 41

a thin layer of granulosa cells

Question 42

do the follicles develop during childhood?

Answer 42

no they are inactive

Question 43

how are primary follicles formed during puberty up until menopause?

Answer 43

- primary follicle androgens cause 20-50 primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles in each menstruation cycle - only 1 forms pre-ovulatory follicle-rest undergo atresia

Question 44

how are secondary follicles formed during puberty up until menopause?

Answer 44

-FSH causes primary follicles to develop into secondary follicle

Question 45

what are the roles of FSH in folliculogenesis?

Answer 45

- primary->secondary follicle - formation of ZP - proliferation of granulosa cells - proliferation of theca cells -expression of LH receptors -together theca and granulosa cells produce oestrogen

Question 46

how are antral follicles formed during puberty up until menopause?

Answer 46

granulosa cells produce follicular fluid which sits in the antrum and nourishes follicle and egg

Question 47

what happens to the follicle during ovulation?

Answer 47

- LH surge causes oocyte to be cut out of follicle causing enzymes - remaining follicle forms corpus luteum-release progesterone-used to thicken endometrium

Question 48

what is the corpus luteum called when it degenerates?

Answer 48

corpus albicans

Question 49

what does the ovarian cycle involve?

Answer 49

growth of ovum and follicle

Question 50

which phases does the ovarian cycle involve?

Answer 50

- follicular | - luteal

Question 51

is the follicular phase oestrogen or progesterone dominant?

Answer 51

oestrogen

Question 52

is the luteal phase oestrogen or progesterone dominant?

Answer 52

progesterone

Question 53

what does the uterine cycle involve?

Answer 53

breakdown and growth of endometrial wall

Question 54

what are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

Answer 54

- menses (0-7) - proliferative (7-14) - secretory (14-28)

Question 55

which cells release oestrogen in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 55

granulosa

Question 56

which cells release progesterone in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 56

corpus luteum

Question 57

what is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 57

used to thicken endometrium

Question 58

which days make up the follicular phase?

Answer 58

0-14

Question 59

which days make up the luteal phase?

Answer 59

14-28