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Medicine yr1 > UG-female reproductive system > Flashcards

UG-female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the female reproductive tract made up of (4)?

A
  • vulva
  • cervix
  • fallopian tubes
  • ovaries
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2
Q

what supports the structures in the pelvis?

A

ligaments

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3
Q

which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus?

A

fallopian tube

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4
Q

what are the 3 parts of the uterus?

A
  • fundus (head)
  • body
  • cervix
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5
Q

what are the 2 restrictions of the cervix?

A
  • internal os

- external os

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6
Q

what is the space between the internal and external os called?

A

cervical canal

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7
Q

what is the inner membrane of the uterus called?

A

endometrium

where the fertilised egg implants

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8
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

the muscular wall of the uterus

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9
Q

where does the majority of the uterus lie?

A

over the top of the bladder

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10
Q

what are the 2 angles of the uterus?

A
  • angle of anteversion

- angle of anteflexion

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11
Q

describe anteversion

A

between axis of vagina and cervix

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12
Q

describe anteflexion

A

between axis of cervix and uterine body

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13
Q

what are the names of the 2 pouches?

A
  • vesio-uterine-between bladder and uterus

- recto-uterine-between rectum and uterus

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14
Q

outline the 3 parts of the deep external genitalia

A
  • 2 corpus cavernosa
  • bulb of vesibule
  • great vesibular (Bartholin’s gland)
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15
Q

what is the role of the corpus cavernosa?

A

each has a crus which line the pubic symphysis to form the glans clitoris

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16
Q

what is the role of the bulb of vestibule?

A

erectile tissue on either side of vestibule of vagina

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17
Q

what is the role of the vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland

A

secreted small amount of fluid to lubricate the vesibule of the vagina

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18
Q

what do the mons pubis, labium majora/ minora and frenulum of clitoris form?

A

the vulva

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19
Q

what makes up the superficial external genitalia?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labium majora
  • labium minora
  • frenulum of clitoris
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20
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

area of fascia and skin that lies just in front of the pubic symphysis-where the gubernaculum attaches

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21
Q

what are the labium minora and majora?

A

outer and inner lips of the vagina prepuce-hood over the clitoris

-equivalent to glans penis in males

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22
Q

what is the frenulum of the clitoris?

A

joining of the labia minora just underneath the clitoris

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23
Q

how long is the female urethra?

A

4cm

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24
Q

what problems does the length of the female urethra cause?

A
  • more prone to UTIs than males

- less functional internal urethral sphincter

25
Q

how is the external urethral sphincter controlled?

A

under somatic control by pudendal nerve S2-4

26
Q

how is the female pelvis different to male

A
  • rounder linea terminalis
  • pubic angle 85
  • ilia project further laterally
27
Q

what is the role of FSH in the HPO axis?

A

-FSH binds to granulosa cells to stimulate follicle growth

-permit the conversion of androgens (from theca cells)
to oestrogens

-stimulate inhibin secretion

28
Q

what is the role of LH in the HPO axis?

A

LH acts on theca cells to stimulate production and secretion of androgens

29
Q

what happens to the HPG axis when oestrogen levels are moderate?

A

Moderate oestrogen levels exert negative feedback on the HPG axis

30
Q

what happens to the HPG axis when oestrogen levels are high?

A

high levels of oestrogen (in the absence of progesterone) positively feedback on the HPG axis

31
Q

what effect does oestrogen in the presence of progesterone have on the HPG axis?

A

negative feedback

32
Q

what effect does inhibin have on FSH?

A

negative feedback at anterior pituitary

33
Q

at which point in development are there the most oogonia?

A

foetal period

34
Q

what do oogonia divide into in the foetal period?

A

primary oocytes

35
Q

what happens to primary oocytes in prophase 1 of the foetal period?

A

they are arrested

36
Q

why are the primary oocytes still arrested during childhood?

A

ovaries are inactive during childhood

37
Q

describe the process of oogenesis during puberty to menopause?

A
  • once a month 1 primary oocyte completes meiosis 1
  • arrests in metaphase 2
  • 1 daughter cell takes all cellular contents other than DNA
  • this larger cell is now secondary oocyte
  • the other cell with DNA contents is called a polar body
38
Q

what is ovulation?

A

once a month an egg is released from ovaries

39
Q

what happens if the egg is fertilised?

A
  • will form a zygote (2n)

- meiosis is completed and zygote travels to endometrium to implant into uterine wall

40
Q

what are primordial oocytes encapsulated in in the foetal period?

A

inside primordial follicles

41
Q

what are follicles made up of in the foetal period?

A

a thin layer of granulosa cells

42
Q

do the follicles develop during childhood?

A

no they are inactive

43
Q

how are primary follicles formed during puberty up until menopause?

A
  • primary follicle androgens cause 20-50 primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles in each menstruation cycle
  • only 1 forms pre-ovulatory follicle-rest undergo atresia
44
Q

how are secondary follicles formed during puberty up until menopause?

A

-FSH causes primary follicles to develop into secondary follicle

45
Q

what are the roles of FSH in folliculogenesis?

A
  • primary->secondary follicle
  • formation of ZP
  • proliferation of granulosa cells
  • proliferation of theca cells -expression of LH receptors -together theca and granulosa cells produce oestrogen
46
Q

how are antral follicles formed during puberty up until menopause?

A

granulosa cells produce follicular fluid which sits in the antrum and nourishes follicle and egg

47
Q

what happens to the follicle during ovulation?

A
  • LH surge causes oocyte to be cut out of follicle causing enzymes
  • remaining follicle forms corpus luteum-release progesterone-used to thicken endometrium
48
Q

what is the corpus luteum called when it degenerates?

A

corpus albicans

49
Q

what does the ovarian cycle involve?

A

growth of ovum and follicle

50
Q

which phases does the ovarian cycle involve?

A
  • follicular

- luteal

51
Q

is the follicular phase oestrogen or progesterone dominant?

A

oestrogen

52
Q

is the luteal phase oestrogen or progesterone dominant?

A

progesterone

53
Q

what does the uterine cycle involve?

A

breakdown and growth of endometrial wall

54
Q

what are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  • menses (0-7)
  • proliferative (7-14)
  • secretory (14-28)
55
Q

which cells release oestrogen in the ovarian cycle?

A

granulosa

56
Q

which cells release progesterone in the ovarian cycle?

A

corpus luteum

57
Q

what is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

used to thicken endometrium

58
Q

which days make up the follicular phase?

A

0-14

59
Q

which days make up the luteal phase?

A

14-28

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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