Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine yr1 > ENDO-pancreas and diabetes > Flashcards

ENDO-pancreas and diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

where are GLUT 1 receptors located?

A
  • Brain
  • erythrocyte
  • placenta
  • fetal tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are GLUT 2 receptors located?

A
  • Liver
  • kidney
  • intestine
  • pancreas beta cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where are GLUT 3 receptors located?

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where are GLUT 4 receptors located?

A
  • muscle

- adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where are GLUT 5 receptors located?

A

jejunum-(middle part of s.intestine between duodenum and ileum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are Sodium dependent glucose transporters (SDGLTs) located?

A
  • Small intestine

- proximal tubule of nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is a continuous and steady supply of glucose needed?

A

essential for brain function & important for many other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the specific limit for glucose?

A

fasting- 4.0-5.4 mmol/L

fed (at least 90 mins after meal)- under 7.8 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does glucose enter cells?

A

via glucose transporters->using a facilitated diffusion mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does it mean when GLUT transporters have low k.m?

A

transport a lot of glucose ->need less glucose for the transporters to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the role of insulin in uptake of glucose?

A

Insulin accelerates the uptake of blood glucose into the liver by GLUT 2
(not necessary but accelerates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

outline the mechanism of GLUT 2

A
  • The glucokinase sites become occupied with glucose = converting glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate
  • increase in glucose 6-phosphate & insulin action leads to a build-up of glycogen stores in the liver.
  • glucose released when blood glucose low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

outline the mechanism of GLUT 4

A
  • Insulin binds to tyrosine kinase receptor
  • Triggers protein kinase cascade
  • Glut 4 transporters travel to cell surface membrane by exocytosis
  • Glucose enters the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is glucose converted to in adipose tissue?

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is glucose converted to in skeletal muscle tissue?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do SDGLTs contribute to?

A

renal glucose absorption in the small intestine and PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal except for the tail which is intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what % of pancreas function is endocrine?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what % of pancreas function is exocrine?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the islets of langerhans?

A

regions of pancreas that have endocrine cells (10% endocrine function of pancreas-> bloodstream)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which cells are in the islet of langerhans?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • delta
  • pancreatic polypeptide cells
22
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon

23
Q

what is the main target organ of alpha cells secretions?

A

liver

24
Q

what is glucagon inhibited by?

A

somatostatin & insulin

25
Q

what is glucagon stimulated by?

A
  • low blood glucose in fasting state
  • sympathetic NS
  • rise in blood amino acids
26
Q

what is the function of glucagon?

A
  • increase blood glucose levels
  • stimulate glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
  • inhibit glycogenesis
  • increases lipolysis
27
Q

what do delta cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

28
Q

what does stomatostatin do?

A

inhibits the secretion of insulin & glucagon

29
Q

what is the role of pancreatic polypeptide cells?

A

inhibits the secretion of somatostatin

30
Q

what do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

31
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion?

A

somatostatin

32
Q

what are the functions of insulin?

A
  • lowers blood glucose level
  • Increases uptake and storage of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids mainly in the liver and muscle tissue (glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis).
33
Q

what is insulin release stimulated by?

A
  • high glucose in fed state
  • parasympathetic NS
  • gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
  • glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1)
34
Q

how does insulin act on the liver?

A
  • suppresses of gluconeogenesis

- acceleration of glycogenesis and fatty acid synthesis

35
Q

how does insulin act on the muscles?

A
  • promotes the uptake of amino acids

- stimulates protein synthesis

36
Q

how do beta cells work?

A
  • > Glucose enters the cell via GLUT-2
  • > Glucose–>Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) via glucokinase
  • > G6P stimulates glycolysis to produce ATP
  • > ATP sensitive potassium channels close
  • > Potassium build up in the cell opens the voltage gated calcium channels (normally closed)
  • > The increased calcium induces the secretion of insulin
37
Q

What are incretins?

A

->Gut hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells into the blood after eating-regulate the amount of insulin that is secreted

38
Q

what is hyperglycaemia?

A

too much glucose in the blood -> can cause major damage!!

39
Q

what is ketoacidosis?

A
  • lack of insulin = glucose can’t be processed -> another form of energy: fat breakdown.
  • > This forms ketones =build up in body-toxic
40
Q

what are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • > Thirst
  • > Large volume of dilute urine (polyuria)
  • > Weight loss
  • > fatigue
41
Q

what is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

autoimmune destruction of beta cells

42
Q

what does type 1 diabetes result in?

A
  • > Results in little/no insulin production = can’t decrease glucose levels
  • > Uncontrolled gluconeogenesis
  • > failure of glucose uptake in muscle & fat
  • > use of alternative fuels
  • > Hyperglycemia
  • > ketoacidosis
  • > coma & death
43
Q

when is type 1 diabetes most commonly diagnosed?

A

childhood

44
Q

what is a major risk factor of type 1 diabetes?

A

genetics

45
Q

what is type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

resistance to insulin

46
Q

how do beta cells try and overcome the resistance to insulin? what does this result in?

A
  • excess insulin produced by beta cells to compensate & control blood glucose levels
  • overtime beta cell function declines = high glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
47
Q

what are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • > Thirst
  • > Large volumes of dilute urine produced
  • > Weight loss
  • > fatigue
48
Q

when is type 2 diabetes most commonly diagnosed?

A

40s can occur from 25

49
Q

what is a major factor of type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity

50
Q

Which of the following cell types is NOT found in the pancreas?

a. acinar cells
b. alpha cells
c. beta cells
d. kappa cells
e. delta cells

A

d-kappa

acinar cells-make and secrete digestive enzymes

51
Q

Which hormone is responsible for uptake of glucose from blood by cells?

a. insulin
b. renin
c. angiotensin
d. leptin
e. melatonin

A

a-insulin

52
Q 
insulin
a. Produced by the pancreas
B. Causes glycogen formation
C. Allows cells within insulin receptors to take up glucose to decrease blood sugar
D. A and C
E. All the above
A

E

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions