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medicine yr1 > ENDO-HARC > Flashcards

ENDO-HARC Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gland?

A

a group of cells that synthesise and secrete a substance for biological use

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of glands?

A
  • endocrine

- exocrine

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3
Q

what are the differences between the 2 types of glands?

A
  • endocrine-secrete substances directly into blood fluid

- exocrine-secrete substances through a duct often into a lumen

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4
Q

what are the endocrine roles of the hypothalamus?

A
  • links the neurosensory (ANS) system to endocrine system
  • site of many converging and diverging neuronal pathways
  • uses neurons, blood, CSF to receive info and exert control
  • **coordinates secretion of pituitary hormones
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5
Q

what is the hypothalamus comprised of and how is it arranged?

A
  • comprised of small nerve cells

- arranges into functional groups called nuclei

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6
Q

name some of the (anterior) hypothalamic nuclei

A
  • paraventricular*
  • supraoptic*
  • medial preoptic area
  • posterior and anterior preoptic
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7
Q

what is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

oxytocin release

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8
Q

what is the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

vasopressin release (ADH)

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9
Q

what are the roles of the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus?

A
  • bladder control

- reduce heart rate and blood pressure

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10
Q

what are the roles of the posterior and anterior preoptic area of the hypothalamus?

A
  • temperature regulation

- thyrotropin inhibition

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11
Q

what is the pituitary gland known as?

A

master gland

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12
Q

where is the pituitary gland situated?

A
  • lies in the pituitary fossa

- sits in the sella turnica- part of the sphenoid bone

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13
Q

what type of gland its the pituitary gland?

A

endocrine

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14
Q

what are the key hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • prolactin
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • thyrotropin (TSH)
  • andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • gonadotropins (LH/FSH)
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15
Q

which system connect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system-a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

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16
Q

what are the primary functions of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

-produces and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulating hormones

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17
Q

what is the role of prolactin?

A
  • acts on mammary glands

- for milk production

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18
Q

what are the primary functions of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

-secretes and stores hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

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19
Q

what is the role of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A
  • acts on thyroid gland

- T3&T4 production

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20
Q

what is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A
  • acts on adrenal cortex

- production/ release of cortisol

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21
Q

what are the roles of gonadotropins (LH/ FSH) ?

A
  • acts on ovaries/ testis (gonads)
  • LH-triggers ovulation/ testosterone production
  • FSH-regulates germ cell development, growth etc.
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22
Q

what are the 2 key hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • vasopressin-ADH

- oxytocin

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23
Q

what are the roles of vasopressin?

A
  • stimulates water uptake in kidney

- release regulated by osmotic pressure of blood

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24
Q

what are the roles of oxytocin?

A

-helps milk production and bonding after birth

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25
Q

which hypothalamic areas influence parasympathetic activity and give examples of how?

A
  • pre-optic and anterior hypothalamic areas

- increase salivation/ lower HR and BP

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26
Q

which hypothalamic areas influence sympathetic activity and give examples of how?

A
  • posterior and lateral nuclei

- increase HR & BP, vasoconstriction

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27
Q

which hypothalamic nuclei mostly influences pituitary activity?

A

anterior

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28
Q

what are the functions of the kidney?

A
  • excrete waste products of metabolism as urine
  • manage water and electrolyte balance in body
  • maintain acid-base balance
  • many endocrine roles-secretes many hormones
  • —>erythropoietin
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29
Q

what are the 2 sections of the kidney and what do they secrete?

A
  • medulla-secretes catecholamines- adrenaline/ noradrenalin

- cortex-secretes cortisol/ aldosterone

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30
Q

which arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A

The superior thyroid artery (STA) arising from the external carotid artery (ECA), and the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) branching from the thyrocervical trunk

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31
Q

which veins drain the thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid veins and middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular vein

32
Q

what are the 2 major hormones produced by the thyroid?

A
  • T4-thyroxine-secreted more by gland

- T3-tri-iodothyronine- more active form of hormone

33
Q

what is the role of calcitonin?

A

calcium homeostasis

-antagonist to parathyroid

34
Q

how does calcitonin work?

A
  • prevents Ca2+ being absorbed by gut

- also prevents/ slows bone breakdown

35
Q

where does the thyroid gland develop?

A

in the tongue

36
Q

what does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

parathyroid hormone PTH

37
Q

how does the parathyroid hormone act?

A
  • acts as antagonist to calcitonin

- id blood Ca2+ is low, parathyroid gland detects this and releases PTH

38
Q

is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine organ?

A

both

39
Q

what % of pancreatic cells are endocrine?

A

10%

40
Q

what are the pancreatic endocrine cells called?

A

Islets of Langerhan’s

41
Q

what does the 3 and 4 represent in T3 and T4?

A

the number of iodine molecules

42
Q

which hormone can be given to someone suffering from hypothyroidism?

A

T4

43
Q

which hormone can be given to someone suffering from hypothyroidism?

A

T4-absorbed into the gut more than T3

44
Q

how does the thyroid gland develop?

A

embryology=

  • at week 4 a region of the tongue becomes thicker-due to cell proliferation-forms endodermal thickening
  • endodermal thickening will burrow through the tongue and form the thyroglossal duct-brings the thyroid tissue with it
  • travels anterior to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage before reaching its final resting place
  • duct then regresses
45
Q

what is the shape of the thyroid gland?

A

butterfly/ H-shaped

46
Q

what are the functions of PTH?

A
  • increases osteoclastic activity-bone breakdown-release Calcium into bloodstream
  • increases Ca take up from the gut
  • acts on kidneys to absorb calcium
47
Q

which hormones are produced by the pancreas?

A
  • gastrin
  • glucagon*
  • insulin
  • somatostatin
  • vasoactive intestinal peptide
48
Q

what does gastrin hormone do?

A

helps the pancreas produce enzymes for digestion and helps the liver produce bile

49
Q

what are the roles of PTH?

A
  • increases osteoclastic activity (break down bone)-release Ca into bloodstream
  • increase Ca uptake form gut
  • act on kidneys to reabsorb any Ca
50
Q

what are the 4 different sections of the pancreas?

A

head, neck, body, tail

51
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

counteracts the actions of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production-glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and thereby increases blood glucose levels

52
Q

what does insulin do?

A

allows excess glucose to be stored as glycogen in liver and muscles-lowering blood glucose

53
Q

what does somatostatin do?

A

release of GI/ pancreatic hormones and muscle contractions-rate of gastric emptying

54
Q

what is the vasoactive intestinal peptide involved in?

A
  • smooth muscle relaxation, -gastric secretions

- dilution of bile pancreatic juice with water

55
Q

how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamo-hypophseal tract-neural connection

56
Q

where is the the hypothalamus situated?

A

medial portion of brain

57
Q

how is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum/ pituitary stalk

58
Q

what is the posterior pituitary largely comprised of?

A

composed largely of axons of hypothalamic neurones which extend downward as large bundle behind anterior pituitary

59
Q

what are the storage cells of the posterior pituitary gland called?

A

neurohypophysis

60
Q

what are the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary called?

A

adenohypophysis

61
Q

what artery supplies the pituitary gland?

A

superior hypophyseal artery

62
Q

which veins drain the pituitary gland?

A

hypophyseal veins

63
Q

where is the pancreas located on the body?

A
  • located in upper left quadrant

- posterior to stomach and anterior to kidneys

64
Q

which part of the pancreas is intraperitoneal?

A

tail

head, neck, body=retroperitoneal

65
Q

what is the shape of the left adrenal gland?

A

semi-lunar

66
Q

what is the shape of the right adrenal gland?

A

pyramidal

67
Q

are the adrenal glands intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

68
Q

how are the cells in the zona glomerulosa arranged?

A

-cells arranged in spherical clusters and arched columns

69
Q

how are cells in the zona fasciculata arranged?

A

cells arranged in straight columns

70
Q

how are cells of the zona reticularis arranged?

A

cells arranged in branching cords

71
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal medulla?

A
  • zona glomerulosa (outermost)
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis (innermost)
72
Q

which arteries supply the adrenal glands?

A
  • superior suprarenal arteries- branch off inferior phrenic arteries
  • middle suprarenal arteries-branch off aorta
  • inferior suprarenal arteries-branch off renal arteries
73
Q

describe the venous drainage of the adrenal glands.

A
  • right adrenal vein drains into inferior vena cava

- left adrenal vein drains into left renal vein which drains into inferior vena cava

74
Q

what is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A
  • consists of 2 lateral lobes and a central isthmus-overlying tracheal rings 2-4
  • lateral lobes of thyroid gland extend superiorly to touch thyroid cartilage
  • pyramidal lobe is sometimes present in isthmus
75
Q

what is the remnant of the thyroglossal duct called?

A

foramen caecum

76
Q

what is the formal name for the structure that makes up the Adam’s apple?

A

thyroid cartilage

-flatter in women

77
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there and where are they found?

A

4 small glands found on posterior side of thyroid gland

medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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