MSK-radiology/ evolution/ gait Flashcards
what are the 4 types of radiology imaging?
- X-ray
- CT
- MRI
- ultrasound
what do the white and black parts of negative imaging of x-rays represent?
- black=air and soft tissue eg lungs
- white=dense material such as bone and metal
what plane are CTs taken in?
- axial
- image taken as through the legs
what are the features of cardiac muscles?
- branched and intercalated discs
- mononucleated
- striated
- central nucleus
- unvoluntary
what are the features of the inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle?
- unbranched
- mononucleated
- smaller fibres than cardiac/ skeletal
- no visible striations-smooth
- elongated nuceli central to fibre
- unvoluntary
what are the features of skeletal muscle?
- unbranched
- multinucleated
- striated
- voluntary
which muscle type is split in 2?
skeletal muscle
what are the features of Type 1 skeletal muscle?
- low myosin ATPase
- many mitochondria
- red in colour
- myoglobin present
- slow contraction rate
what are the features of Type 2 skeletal muscle?
- high myosin ATPase
- few mitochondria
- white in colour
- no myoglobin
- fast contraction rate
what are the 2 layers of smooth muscle?
- inner longitudinal layer
- outer cross sectional
What are Tinbergen’s 4 questions?
- Proximate – How does it work?
- Ultimate – Why does it work?
- Synchronic – Now
- Diachronic - History
what is gait?
a persons pattern of walking
what is double limb support?
2 feet on the ground
what is single limb support?
1 foot on the ground
what is first double limb support?
initial contact
what is second double limb support?
pre-swing
where does the majority of walking power come from?
ankle
what causes motion?
forces
what is Newton’s first law of motion?
Every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force
what is Newton’s second law of motion?
There is a force equal to the rate of change in momentum ; F=MA
what is Newton’s 3rd law of motion?
When 2 objects interact the forces they exert are equal and opposite
what are linear movements also called?
translations
what type of gait is walking?
walking pendulum gait
what type of gait is running?
bouncing gait
what is the energy transfer in walking?
Recovery by exchange from potential to kinetic
what is the energy transfer in running?
-energy stored in elastic tissues (e.g. Achilles tendon) -release later in step-recycle some energy stored in e. tissues
what does macroevolution lead to?
speciation
what does microevolution lead to?
changes within species
what are the drivers for evolution?
- natural evolution
- sexual selection
what was the main step in our evolution?
bipedalism
-for load carrying and infant carrying
what are some changes in evolution that have shaped us?
- wide pelvis enable delivery of large neonates
- –at a locomotor cost
-large open lumar region enables de-coupling
Between upper and lower trunk
—good for terrestrial locomotion
- want centre of mass above feet-for stability
- –curves help this
