MSK-radiology/ evolution/ gait

Question 1

what are the 4 types of radiology imaging?

Answer 1

• X-ray
• CT
• MRI
• ultrasound

Question 2

what do the white and black parts of negative imaging of x-rays represent?

Answer 2

• black=air and soft tissue eg lungs

- white=dense material such as bone and metal

Question 3

what plane are CTs taken in?

Answer 3

• axial

- image taken as through the legs

Question 4

what are the features of cardiac muscles?

Answer 4

• branched and intercalated discs
• mononucleated
• striated
• central nucleus
• unvoluntary

Question 5

what are the features of the inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle?

Answer 5

• unbranched
• mononucleated
• smaller fibres than cardiac/ skeletal
• no visible striations-smooth
• elongated nuceli central to fibre
• unvoluntary

Question 6

what are the features of skeletal muscle?

Answer 6

• unbranched
• multinucleated
• striated
• voluntary

Question 7

which muscle type is split in 2?

Answer 7

skeletal muscle

Question 8

what are the features of Type 1 skeletal muscle?

Answer 8

• low myosin ATPase
• many mitochondria
• red in colour
• myoglobin present
• slow contraction rate

Question 9

what are the features of Type 2 skeletal muscle?

Answer 9

• high myosin ATPase
• few mitochondria
• white in colour
• no myoglobin
• fast contraction rate

Question 10

what are the 2 layers of smooth muscle?

Answer 10

• inner longitudinal layer

- outer cross sectional

Question 11

What are Tinbergen’s 4 questions?

Answer 11

• Proximate – How does it work?
• Ultimate – Why does it work?
• Synchronic – Now
• Diachronic - History

Question 12

what is gait?

Answer 12

a persons pattern of walking

Question 13

what is double limb support?

Answer 13

2 feet on the ground

Question 14

what is single limb support?

Answer 14

1 foot on the ground

Question 15

what is first double limb support?

Answer 15

initial contact

Question 16

what is second double limb support?

Answer 16

pre-swing

Question 17

where does the majority of walking power come from?

Answer 17

ankle

Question 18

what causes motion?

Answer 18

forces

Question 19

what is Newton’s first law of motion?

Answer 19

Every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force

Question 20

what is Newton’s second law of motion?

Answer 20

There is a force equal to the rate of change in momentum ; F=MA

Question 21

what is Newton’s 3rd law of motion?

Answer 21

When 2 objects interact the forces they exert are equal and opposite

Question 22

what are linear movements also called?

Answer 22

translations

Question 23

what type of gait is walking?

Answer 23

walking pendulum gait

Question 24

what type of gait is running?

Answer 24

bouncing gait

Question 25

what is the energy transfer in walking?

Answer 25

Recovery by exchange from potential to kinetic

Question 26

what is the energy transfer in running?

Answer 26

-energy stored in elastic tissues (e.g. Achilles tendon) -release later in step-recycle some energy stored in e. tissues

Question 27

what does macroevolution lead to?

Answer 27

speciation

Question 28

what does microevolution lead to?

Answer 28

changes within species

Question 29

what are the drivers for evolution?

Answer 29

• natural evolution

- sexual selection

Question 30

what was the main step in our evolution?

Answer 30

bipedalism

-for load carrying and infant carrying

Question 31

what are some changes in evolution that have shaped us?

Answer 31

• wide pelvis enable delivery of large neonates
• –at a locomotor cost

-large open lumar region enables de-coupling
Between upper and lower trunk
—good for terrestrial locomotion

• want centre of mass above feet-for stability
• –curves help this