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Medicine yr1 > ENDO-hypothalamus and pituitary > Flashcards

ENDO-hypothalamus and pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

A

the master controller

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2
Q

what is the hypothalamus made up of?

A

groups of nuclei

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3
Q

how is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary?

A

infundibulum/pituitary stalk

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4
Q

What does the pituitary gland sit inside?

A

the pituitary gland sits in a fossa-depression of the sphenoid bone of the skull

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5
Q

what 2 divisions is the pituitary split into?

A
  • anterior

- posterior

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6
Q

what is the role of the anterior pituitary?

A

makes and secretes hormones

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7
Q

what is the role of the posterior pituitary?

A

secretes hormones only–secretes the hormones that the hypothalamus makes

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8
Q

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

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9
Q

how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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10
Q

list the 5 anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • ACTH
  • Growth Hormone
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Gonad ones (LH, FSH)
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11
Q

list the posterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • Vasopressin (ADH)

- Oxytocin

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12
Q

what are the stimuli of growth hormone?

A
  • Low glucose
  • Low fatty acids
  • Low proteins/high amino acids
  • Ghrelin (hunger hormone)
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13
Q

which hormone is released by the hypothalamus in response to growth hormone stimuli?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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14
Q

which cells and hormones are released by anterior pituitary gland in response to Growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

Somatotrophs =release growth hormone

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15
Q

what are the effects of growth hormone on the body?

A
  • increases protein synthesis
  • increases tissue growth
  • increases fatty acids
  • Increases glucogenesis/glycogenolysis
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16
Q

what substance inhibits growth hormone release?

A

somatostatin

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17
Q

what are the stimuli causing ACTH release?

A

Stress, low glucose

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18
Q

which hormone is released by hypothalamus in response to ACTH stimuli?

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

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19
Q

what cell is stimulated in anterior pituitary in response to CRH?

A

cortiocotrophs

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20
Q

what hormone is stimulated in anterior pituitary in response to CRH?

A

adrenocortico-tropic hormone

ACTH

21
Q

what are the effects of ACTH on the body?

A
  • release cortisol (from adrenal gland)
  • increase glucogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
  • maintains BP
22
Q

which substance inhibits ACTH release?

A

cortisol

23
Q

what is the stimulus of TSH release?

A

low T3/ T4

24
Q

which hormone is released by the hypothalamus in response to low T3/T4?

A

TRH

thyroid releasing hormone

25
Q

which cells and hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to TRH?

A

thyrotropin releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

26
Q

what are the effects of TSH on the body?

A

increase BMR

27
Q

which 2 substances inhibit TSH release?

A

T3/T4

28
Q

what stimulates LH/FSH release?

A

oestrogens

29
Q

which is released from the hypothalamus in response to oestrogens?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

GnRH

30
Q

which cell and hormones are released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH release?

A

gonadotrophs release LH/ FSH

31
Q

what are the effects of LH/ FSH on the body?

A

FSH-germ cell development

LH-ovulation/ testosterone production in Leydig cells

32
Q

which hormones inhibit LH/ FSH production?

A

Oestrogen & progesterone

33
Q

what are the 2 stimuli of prolactin release?

A
  • low dopamine

- baby sucking on nipple

34
Q

what does the hypothalamus do to stimulate prolactin release?

A

reduces dopamine release

35
Q

which cell and hormone are released by the anterior pituitary in response to decreased dopamine levels?

A

-lactotrophs release prolactin

36
Q

what is the effect of prolactin on the body?

A

act on mammary gland to release milk after childbirth

37
Q

which molecule inhibits prolactin release?

A

dopamine

38
Q

what is the stimulus of oxytocin release?

A

uterine stretching during labour

39
Q

what is the effect on the body of oxytocin release?

A
  • uterine contraction-positive feedback loop
  • milk ejection
  • bonding after birth
40
Q

which hormones inhibit oxytocin release?

A

catecholamines-adrenaline/ noradrenaline

41
Q

what stimulates vasopressin (ADH) release?

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect high blood osmolarity (low water levels)

42
Q

what is the effect of ADH on the body?

A

causes aquaporins to bind to CD of nephron inside kidney-increases water retention

43
Q

what inhibits ADH release?

A
  • alcohol

- low blood osmolarity (high water levels)

44
Q

what type of receptor are all the receptors for pituitary hormones?

A

GPCR

45
Q

what type of hormones are all pituitary hormones?

A

peptide

46
Q 
Which of the following hormone is NOT secreted by the pituitary gland?
A. follicle-stimulating hormone
b. glucagon
c. oxytocin
d, leutinizing hormone
e. antidiuretic hormone
A

b-glucagon

47
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
a-Aldosterone is created in the adrenal cortex
b-oxytocin is created in the posterior pituitary gland
c-Follicle stimulating hormone is created in the anterior pituitary gland
d-Glucagon is created in the pancreas

A

b-oxytocin is created in the posterior pituitary gland

48
Q 
Which of the following hormones is controlled by positive feedback mechanism?
a-Growth hormone
b-Thyroid stimulating hormone
c-ACTH
d-None of the above
A

d-none

49
Q 
Where does ADH work for increasing reabsorption?
a-DCT
b-PCT
c-Collecting duct
d-Both A & C
A

d

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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