GI-anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what is the abdominal cavity?
A
the largest hollow space in the body
2
Q
how would you describe the abdominal and pelvic cavities in relation to each other?
A
they are continuous
3
Q
what are the pelvic and abdominal cavities separated by?
A
the pelvic inlet
4
Q
what is the axis of the abdomen and what is it in line with?
A
- vertical axis
- in line with the trunk
5
Q
what is the shape of the pelvic cavity axis?
A
oblique shape
6
Q
name the 6 regions of the abdomen
A
- hypochondrium (left and right)
- epigastric
- lumbar aka flank (left and right)
- umbilical
- iliac/ groin (left and right)0
- hypogastric/ pubic
7
Q
what are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
A
- Right upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
8
Q
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated by: A-Diaphragm B-Pelvic floor muscles C-Linea terminalis D-Linea alba E-Chocolate cake
A
C-linea terminalis
9
Q
where does the oral cavity span between?
A
between the oral fissure anteriorly (opening between the lips) and the oropharyngeal isthmus posteriorly
10
Q
where is the oral cavity in relation to the nasal cavity?
A
Inferior to the nasal cavity
11
Q
which 2 structure makes up the roof of the oral cavity?
A
front part-hard palate
back part soft palate
12
Q
which structure makes up the lateral walls of the oral cavity?
A
cheeks
13
Q
what is the name of the border between the mouth and the pharynx marked by?
A
palatoglossal arch
14
Q
what does the oropharyngeal isthmus separate?
A
-oral cavity form the oropharynx
15
Q
what is the tongue important for?
A
taste, speech and swallowing
16
Q
name the 4 sections that make up the tongue
A
- roof
- apex
- cursed dorsum
- inferior surface
17
Q
which 4 structures do the muscles of the tongue attach to?
A
hyoid bone, mandible , soft palate and pharyngeal wall
18
Q
what is the dorsal mucosa covered by?
A
many papillae - some of which are taste-buds
19
Q
what papillae type doesn’t have taste buds?
A
filiform
20
Q
what are the 4 types of papillae?
A
- vallate
- filiform
- fungiform
- foliate
21
Q
what are the characteristics of vallate papillae?
A
- blunt ended
- largest
- 8-12
- V shape
- anterior to terminal sulcus
22
Q
what are the characteristics of filiform papillae?
A
- small
- cone shaped
- mucosal
- projections
23
Q
what are the characteristics of fungiform papillae?
A
- round
- large along margins of tongue
24
Q
what are the characteristics of foliate papillae?
A
- line folds of mucosa
- sides of tongue
25
what is the oesophagus?
fibromuscular tube that transports food from pharynx to the stomach
26
how long is the oesophagus?
approx 25cm
27
at which level does the oesophagus originate?
inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
28
at which level does the oesophagus extend to?
cardiac orifice of the stomach (T11)
29
where does the oesophagus descend downward into the thorax?
- the superior mediastinum of the thorax
| - positioned between trachea and vertebral bodies of t1 and t4
30
where does the oesophagus descend downward into the abdomen?
via the oesophageal hiatus (an opening of the right crus of the diaphragm) at t10
31
where does the oesophagus terminate?
by joining the cardiac orifice of the stomach at level of T11
32
what are the oesophageal sphincters?
upper and lower oesophageal sphincters
33
what do the oesophageal sphincters do?
act to prevent the entry of air and the reflux of gastric contents respectively
34
```
Which of these papillae don’t have taste buds?
A-Filiform
B-Papillae
C-Sulcus terminalis
D-Oropharynx
```
A-filiform
35
what are the main functions of the liver?
- detoxification
- metabolic and homeostatic activities
- **bile production
36
where is the liver situated?
in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm
37
why should the liver not be palpable upon examination?
AS IT IS COVERED BY THE RIGHT COSTAL MARGIN
38
name the 4 lobes of the liver
- right lobe
- left lobe
- caudate lobe
- quadrate lobe
39
what is the portal triad made up of?
branches of the:
- hepatic artery
- portal vein
- tributary of bile duct
40
what structure does arterial and venous blood pass through between hepatocytes?
sinusoids
41
what structure does venous blood drain into?
central vein
42
where is the location of the pancreas?
- epigastrium
- sits on posterior abdominal wall
- anterior to aorta and vena cava
43
what percentage of the pancreas has exocrine function?
95%
44
what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
secretes enzymes which:
| -hydrolyse proteins/ carbs etc.
45
what is the role of the accessory duct of the pancreas?
- drains upper part of head and opens into duodenum, above main duct, on minor duodenal papilla
- frequently communicates with the main duct
46
does everyone have an accessory duct?
no
47
is the stomach an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organ?
intraperitoneal
48
which 2 structures is the stomach located in between?
oesophagus
| duodenum
49
which abdominal regions does the stomach typically lie in?
epigastric and umbilical regions
50
name the 4 divisions of the stomach
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pylorus
51
what is the level of the lower oesophageal sphincter?
T11
52
at what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10
53
what is the role of the inferior oesophageal sphincter?
- allows food to pass through the cardiac orifice and into the stomach
- not under voluntary control
54
where is the cardia of the stomach?
surrounds the superior opening of the stomach at the T11 level
55
where is the fundus of the stomach?
rounded and often gas filled portion superior and left of the cardia
56
where is the body of the stomach?
large central portion inferior to the fundus
57
where is the pylorus of the stomach?
this area connects the stomach to the duodenum
58
what 3 sections is the pylorus divided into?
- pyloric antrum
- pyloric canal
- pyloric sphincter
59
at which level does the pyloric sphincter demarcate?
the transpyloric plane at the level L1
60
where does the pyloric sphincter lie between?
between the pylorus and the first part of the duodenum
61
what is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
controls the exit if chyme (food and gastric acid mixture) from the stomach
62
what type of sphincter is the pyloric sphincter?
anatomical sphincter-as it contains smooth muscle which constricts to limit discharge of stomach contents through the orifice
63
how does the pyloric sphincter work?
- emptying of the stomach occurs intermittently when intragastric pressure overcomes the resistance of the pylorus
- pylorus is normally contracted (keeps food in stomach)
- gastric peristalsis pushes chyme through pyloric canal into duodenum for further digestion
64
name the 3 layers of muscle in lining the stomach
- outer longitudinal
- middle circular
- inner oblique
65
what is the name of the folds in the stomach and what is their purpose?
rugae
| -increase SA and allows stomach expansion
66
what is the colon?
large intestine
| -distal part of GI tract-from cecum to anal canal
67
what are the 4 parts of the colon?
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
- sigmoid
68
where is the anorectal junction?
at the pelvic floor
69
which 2 structures is the anal canal between?
- pelvic floor
| - anus
70
name the 2 anal sphincters and their nerve innervations
- internal anal sphincter
- external anal sphincter
-both innervated by S2-S4 pudendal nerve
71
which anal sphincter is autonomic control and which is somatic control?
internal=autonomic
external=somatic
72
what is the pectinate line of the anal canal?
divides upper and lower portions of the canal
73
what are anal columns?
- vertical folds in mucosa
| - anal sinuses lie between them
74
what are anal valves?
horizontal folds in mucosa
75
what is the white line of the anal canal?
keratinized to non-keratinized epithelia
76
what is the peritoneum?
a thin, serous membrane which line the abdominopelvic cavity
| and covers its viscera
77
what is the role of the peritoneum?
produces serous fluid to lubricate mobile organs
78
what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?
parietal
| visceral
79
what does it mean if an organ is retroperitoneal?
- behind the peritoneum
- immobile, fixed to posterior abdominal wall
- in the retroperitoneal space
- covered only anteriorly by peritoneum
80
what does it mean if an organ is intraperitoneal?
- surrounded by peritoneum
- mobile, free-flowing structures
- suspended by mesentery
81
what is the mesentery?
2 parallel layers of peritoneum
82
what are examples of retroperitoneal organs?
- rest of duodenum
- ascending colon
- descending colon
- middle 1/3 of rectum
- kidneys
- head/neck/body of pancreas
- adrenal glands
83
what are examples of intraperitoneal structures?
- stomach
- spleen
- liver
- 1st and 4th parts of duodenum
- jejunum
- transverse and sigmoid colon
