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Medicine yr1 > GI-anatomy > Flashcards

GI-anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the abdominal cavity?

A

the largest hollow space in the body

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2
Q

how would you describe the abdominal and pelvic cavities in relation to each other?

A

they are continuous

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3
Q

what are the pelvic and abdominal cavities separated by?

A

the pelvic inlet

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4
Q

what is the axis of the abdomen and what is it in line with?

A
  • vertical axis

- in line with the trunk

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5
Q

what is the shape of the pelvic cavity axis?

A

oblique shape

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6
Q

name the 6 regions of the abdomen

A
  • hypochondrium (left and right)
  • epigastric
  • lumbar aka flank (left and right)
  • umbilical
  • iliac/ groin (left and right)0
  • hypogastric/ pubic
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7
Q

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A
  • Right upper quadrant
  • Right lower quadrant
  • Left upper quadrant
  • Left lower quadrant
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8
Q 
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated by:
A-Diaphragm
B-Pelvic floor muscles 
C-Linea terminalis
D-Linea alba
E-Chocolate cake
A

C-linea terminalis

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9
Q

where does the oral cavity span between?

A

between the oral fissure anteriorly (opening between the lips) and the oropharyngeal isthmus posteriorly

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10
Q

where is the oral cavity in relation to the nasal cavity?

A

Inferior to the nasal cavity

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11
Q

which 2 structure makes up the roof of the oral cavity?

A

front part-hard palate

back part soft palate

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12
Q

which structure makes up the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

cheeks

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13
Q

what is the name of the border between the mouth and the pharynx marked by?

A

palatoglossal arch

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14
Q

what does the oropharyngeal isthmus separate?

A

-oral cavity form the oropharynx

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15
Q

what is the tongue important for?

A

taste, speech and swallowing

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16
Q

name the 4 sections that make up the tongue

A
  • roof
  • apex
  • cursed dorsum
  • inferior surface
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17
Q

which 4 structures do the muscles of the tongue attach to?

A

hyoid bone, mandible , soft palate and pharyngeal wall

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18
Q

what is the dorsal mucosa covered by?

A

many papillae - some of which are taste-buds

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19
Q

what papillae type doesn’t have taste buds?

A

filiform

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20
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae?

A
  • vallate
  • filiform
  • fungiform
  • foliate
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21
Q

what are the characteristics of vallate papillae?

A
  • blunt ended
  • largest
  • 8-12
  • V shape
  • anterior to terminal sulcus
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22
Q

what are the characteristics of filiform papillae?

A
  • small
  • cone shaped
  • mucosal
  • projections
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23
Q

what are the characteristics of fungiform papillae?

A
  • round

- large along margins of tongue

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24
Q

what are the characteristics of foliate papillae?

A
  • line folds of mucosa

- sides of tongue

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25
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

fibromuscular tube that transports food from pharynx to the stomach

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26
Q

how long is the oesophagus?

A

approx 25cm

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27
Q

at which level does the oesophagus originate?

A

inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

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28
Q

at which level does the oesophagus extend to?

A

cardiac orifice of the stomach (T11)

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29
Q

where does the oesophagus descend downward into the thorax?

A
  • the superior mediastinum of the thorax

- positioned between trachea and vertebral bodies of t1 and t4

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30
Q

where does the oesophagus descend downward into the abdomen?

A

via the oesophageal hiatus (an opening of the right crus of the diaphragm) at t10

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31
Q

where does the oesophagus terminate?

A

by joining the cardiac orifice of the stomach at level of T11

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32
Q

what are the oesophageal sphincters?

A

upper and lower oesophageal sphincters

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33
Q

what do the oesophageal sphincters do?

A

act to prevent the entry of air and the reflux of gastric contents respectively

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34
Q 
Which of these papillae don’t have taste buds?
A-Filiform
B-Papillae 
C-Sulcus terminalis
D-Oropharynx
A

A-filiform

35
Q

what are the main functions of the liver?

A
  • detoxification
  • metabolic and homeostatic activities
  • **bile production
36
Q

where is the liver situated?

A

in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm

37
Q

why should the liver not be palpable upon examination?

A

AS IT IS COVERED BY THE RIGHT COSTAL MARGIN

38
Q

name the 4 lobes of the liver

A
  • right lobe
  • left lobe
  • caudate lobe
  • quadrate lobe
39
Q

what is the portal triad made up of?

A

branches of the:

  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
  • tributary of bile duct
40
Q

what structure does arterial and venous blood pass through between hepatocytes?

41
Q

what structure does venous blood drain into?

A

central vein

42
Q

where is the location of the pancreas?

A
  • epigastrium
  • sits on posterior abdominal wall
  • anterior to aorta and vena cava
43
Q

what percentage of the pancreas has exocrine function?

44
Q

what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

secretes enzymes which:

-hydrolyse proteins/ carbs etc.

45
Q

what is the role of the accessory duct of the pancreas?

A
  • drains upper part of head and opens into duodenum, above main duct, on minor duodenal papilla
  • frequently communicates with the main duct
46
Q

does everyone have an accessory duct?

47
Q

is the stomach an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organ?

A

intraperitoneal

48
Q

which 2 structures is the stomach located in between?

A

oesophagus

duodenum

49
Q

which abdominal regions does the stomach typically lie in?

A

epigastric and umbilical regions

50
Q

name the 4 divisions of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus
51
Q

what is the level of the lower oesophageal sphincter?

52
Q

at what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

53
Q

what is the role of the inferior oesophageal sphincter?

A
  • allows food to pass through the cardiac orifice and into the stomach
  • not under voluntary control
54
Q

where is the cardia of the stomach?

A

surrounds the superior opening of the stomach at the T11 level

55
Q

where is the fundus of the stomach?

A

rounded and often gas filled portion superior and left of the cardia

56
Q

where is the body of the stomach?

A

large central portion inferior to the fundus

57
Q

where is the pylorus of the stomach?

A

this area connects the stomach to the duodenum

58
Q

what 3 sections is the pylorus divided into?

A
  • pyloric antrum
  • pyloric canal
  • pyloric sphincter
59
Q

at which level does the pyloric sphincter demarcate?

A

the transpyloric plane at the level L1

60
Q

where does the pyloric sphincter lie between?

A

between the pylorus and the first part of the duodenum

61
Q

what is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

controls the exit if chyme (food and gastric acid mixture) from the stomach

62
Q

what type of sphincter is the pyloric sphincter?

A

anatomical sphincter-as it contains smooth muscle which constricts to limit discharge of stomach contents through the orifice

63
Q

how does the pyloric sphincter work?

A
  • emptying of the stomach occurs intermittently when intragastric pressure overcomes the resistance of the pylorus
  • pylorus is normally contracted (keeps food in stomach)
  • gastric peristalsis pushes chyme through pyloric canal into duodenum for further digestion
64
Q

name the 3 layers of muscle in lining the stomach

A
  • outer longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • inner oblique
65
Q

what is the name of the folds in the stomach and what is their purpose?

A

rugae

-increase SA and allows stomach expansion

66
Q

what is the colon?

A

large intestine

-distal part of GI tract-from cecum to anal canal

67
Q

what are the 4 parts of the colon?

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid
68
Q

where is the anorectal junction?

A

at the pelvic floor

69
Q

which 2 structures is the anal canal between?

A
  • pelvic floor

- anus

70
Q

name the 2 anal sphincters and their nerve innervations

A
  • internal anal sphincter
  • external anal sphincter

-both innervated by S2-S4 pudendal nerve

71
Q

which anal sphincter is autonomic control and which is somatic control?

A

internal=autonomic

external=somatic

72
Q

what is the pectinate line of the anal canal?

A

divides upper and lower portions of the canal

73
Q

what are anal columns?

A
  • vertical folds in mucosa

- anal sinuses lie between them

74
Q

what are anal valves?

A

horizontal folds in mucosa

75
Q

what is the white line of the anal canal?

A

keratinized to non-keratinized epithelia

76
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

a thin, serous membrane which line the abdominopelvic cavity

and covers its viscera

77
Q

what is the role of the peritoneum?

A

produces serous fluid to lubricate mobile organs

78
Q

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

parietal

visceral

79
Q

what does it mean if an organ is retroperitoneal?

A
  • behind the peritoneum
  • immobile, fixed to posterior abdominal wall
  • in the retroperitoneal space
  • covered only anteriorly by peritoneum
80
Q

what does it mean if an organ is intraperitoneal?

A
  • surrounded by peritoneum
  • mobile, free-flowing structures
  • suspended by mesentery
81
Q

what is the mesentery?

A

2 parallel layers of peritoneum

82
Q

what are examples of retroperitoneal organs?

A
  • rest of duodenum
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
  • middle 1/3 of rectum
  • kidneys
  • head/neck/body of pancreas
  • adrenal glands
83
Q

what are examples of intraperitoneal structures?

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • liver
  • 1st and 4th parts of duodenum
  • jejunum
  • transverse and sigmoid colon

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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