FOUNDATION-metabolism

Question 1

what is glycogenesis?

Answer 1

glucose——->glycogen

Question 2

what is glycogenolysis?

Answer 2

glycogen——->glucose

Question 3

what is glycolysis?

Answer 3

glucose——–>pyruvate

Question 4

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 4

amino acids and fatty acids——>glucose

Question 5

what is the process that converts fatty acids to acteyl CoA and what does this then enter?

Answer 5

BETA OXIDATION

-goes on to enter krebs cycle

Question 6

which process is the only one that can occur anaerobically as well as aerobically?

Answer 6

glycolysis

Question 7

which pathway comes off from Glucose-6-phosphate, and what does it convert?

Answer 7

pentose phosphate

-converts NADP+ into NADPH

Question 8

where is glucose stored?

Answer 8

liver and muscles as glycogen

Question 9

where is glucose released from in a state of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 9

only the liver

Question 10

where are triglycerides stored?

Answer 10

liver and adipose tissue

Question 11

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 11

cytoplasm

Question 12

how many ATP molecules are gained in glycolysis?

Answer 12

2ATP

Question 13

what are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 13

pyruvate

Question 14

where does the krebs cycle take place?

Answer 14

inner mitochondrial matrix

Question 15

what is the beginning reaction of the krebs cycle?

Answer 15

oxaloacetate + acetyl group=citrate (6c)

Question 16

how is ATP made in the krebs cycle?

Answer 16

substrate phosphorylation

Question 17

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Answer 17

-inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 18

what is oxygens role in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 18

final electron transporter

Question 19

which step in the respiration chain generates the most ATP?

Answer 19

oxidative phosphorylation

-34 atp molecules

Question 20

what is catabolism?

Answer 20

breakdown of molecules
-mostly oxidative=release energy
eg oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

what is anabolism?

Answer 21

requires energy to reduce substances and build them into larger molecules
eg protein synthesis

Question 22

what is energy coupling?

Answer 22

one system provides energy to power another system

Question 23

what are exergonic reactions?

Answer 23

release energy into the surrounding environment

Question 24

what are endogenic reactions?

Answer 24

takes energy from the surrounding environment

Question 25

how does fatty acid chain length affect what can happen in lipolysis?

Answer 25

- short and medium fatty acids can enter mitochondria directly - long chain fatty acids are shuttled into mitochondria a using a carnitive carrier-proteins

Question 26

what is the molecule that amino acids, fatty acids, glucose and glycerol metabolised into after digestion?

Answer 26

Acetyl CoA

Question 27

what is an amphibolic reaction? Give an example.

Answer 27

both anabolic and catabolic | eg Krebs cycle

Question 28

what are the products of the krebs cycle?

Answer 28

- 2atp | - FADH2/ NADH-for ETC

Question 29

what is the role of FADH2/ NADH in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 29

- oxidation (FADH2--->FAD and NADH--->NAD) drive movement of e- down etc - drives H+ across membrane - H+ leave intermembrane space via ATPsynthase - ADP +Pi----->ATP

Question 30

what are the steps of glucose in carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 30

GLUCOSE---->PYRUVATELACTATE (anaerobic) OR GLUCOSE----->PYRUVATE---->ACETYL COA---->TCA---->ETC

Question 31

what are the other products of carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 31

glucose into... - glycogen (glucose-1-phosphate pathway) - nucleic acid (pentose-phosphate pathway) - amino acid synthesis (via pyruvate and TCA) - glycerol of FAs - cholesterol-acetyl coA

Question 32

which process breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?

Answer 32

lipolysis

Question 33

what occurs after lipolysis?

Answer 33

- fatty acids enter mitochondria (depending on size if too long then using carnitive proteins) as acyl CoA - acyl CoA is oxidised in beta oxidation - -->each cycle of beta oxidation reduced FA chain by 2 carbons-producing 2c acetyl CoA - --->also produces reduced products to enter ETC - --->continues until only 2c acetyl coa is left - acetyl coa either converts into ketone bodies or enters TCA

Question 34

outline the 2 types of amino acids

Answer 34

- glucogenic - ketogenic some can be both

Question 35

what is the role of glucogenic aas?

Answer 35

convert to glucose via pyruvate

Question 36

what is the role of ketogenic aas?

Answer 36

convert to acetyl CoA or ketone bodies-depending on body's need

Question 37

where are essential amino acids obtained?

Answer 37

diet

Question 38

where are non-essential aas derived?

Answer 38

diet | transamination

Question 39

what happens to excess amino acids?

Answer 39

catabolised to urea after deamination

Question 40

what happens to the carbon skeleton of amino acids after transamination?

Answer 40

``` oxidised to co2 via TCA (glucogenic--->pyruvate--->acetyl coa) or forms glucose or forms ketone bodies ```

Question 41

what is transamination?

Answer 41

process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids and transferred to acceptor keto-acids to generate the amino acid version of the keto-acid and the keto-acid version of the original amino acid.

Question 42

describe features of metabolism in a fed state

Answer 42

- glycogenesis (more glucose stored as glycogen) - glycolysis (glucose broken down into ATP) - lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis from FFAs) - AA synthesis

Question 43

which hormone promotes metabolism?

Answer 43

insulin

Question 44

describe the features of metabolism in a starving state

Answer 44

- glycogenolysis-more glucose - gluconeogenesis-more glucose - lipolysis in adipose release FFAs and glycerol - glycerol--->glucose - moreoxidation of FFAs and ketone bodies for more energy - protein/ aas--->glucose