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Medicine yr1 > FOUNDATION-metabolism > Flashcards

FOUNDATION-metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

glucose——->glycogen

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2
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen——->glucose

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3
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

glucose——–>pyruvate

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4
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

amino acids and fatty acids——>glucose

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5
Q

what is the process that converts fatty acids to acteyl CoA and what does this then enter?

A

BETA OXIDATION

-goes on to enter krebs cycle

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6
Q

which process is the only one that can occur anaerobically as well as aerobically?

A

glycolysis

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7
Q

which pathway comes off from Glucose-6-phosphate, and what does it convert?

A

pentose phosphate

-converts NADP+ into NADPH

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8
Q

where is glucose stored?

A

liver and muscles as glycogen

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9
Q

where is glucose released from in a state of hypoglycaemia?

A

only the liver

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10
Q

where are triglycerides stored?

A

liver and adipose tissue

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11
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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12
Q

how many ATP molecules are gained in glycolysis?

A

2ATP

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13
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

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14
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

inner mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

what is the beginning reaction of the krebs cycle?

A

oxaloacetate + acetyl group=citrate (6c)

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16
Q

how is ATP made in the krebs cycle?

A

substrate phosphorylation

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17
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

-inner mitochondrial membrane

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18
Q

what is oxygens role in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

final electron transporter

19
Q

which step in the respiration chain generates the most ATP?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

-34 atp molecules

20
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breakdown of molecules
-mostly oxidative=release energy
eg oxidative phosphorylation

21
Q

what is anabolism?

A

requires energy to reduce substances and build them into larger molecules
eg protein synthesis

22
Q

what is energy coupling?

A

one system provides energy to power another system

23
Q

what are exergonic reactions?

A

release energy into the surrounding environment

24
Q

what are endogenic reactions?

A

takes energy from the surrounding environment

25
Q

how does fatty acid chain length affect what can happen in lipolysis?

A
  • short and medium fatty acids can enter mitochondria directly
  • long chain fatty acids are shuttled into mitochondria a using a carnitive carrier-proteins
26
Q

what is the molecule that amino acids, fatty acids, glucose and glycerol metabolised into after digestion?

A

Acetyl CoA

27
Q

what is an amphibolic reaction? Give an example.

A

both anabolic and catabolic

eg Krebs cycle

28
Q

what are the products of the krebs cycle?

A
  • 2atp

- FADH2/ NADH-for ETC

29
Q

what is the role of FADH2/ NADH in oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • oxidation (FADH2—>FAD and NADH—>NAD) drive movement of e- down etc
  • drives H+ across membrane
  • H+ leave intermembrane space via ATPsynthase
  • ADP +Pi—–>ATP
30
Q

what are the steps of glucose in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

GLUCOSE—->PYRUVATELACTATE
(anaerobic)
OR

GLUCOSE—–>PYRUVATE—->ACETYL COA—->TCA—->ETC

31
Q

what are the other products of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

glucose into…

  • glycogen (glucose-1-phosphate pathway)
  • nucleic acid (pentose-phosphate pathway)
  • amino acid synthesis (via pyruvate and TCA)
  • glycerol of FAs
  • cholesterol-acetyl coA
32
Q

which process breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?

A

lipolysis

33
Q

what occurs after lipolysis?

A
  • fatty acids enter mitochondria (depending on size if too long then using carnitive proteins) as acyl CoA
  • acyl CoA is oxidised in beta oxidation
  • –>each cycle of beta oxidation reduced FA chain by 2 carbons-producing 2c acetyl CoA
  • —>also produces reduced products to enter ETC
  • —>continues until only 2c acetyl coa is left
  • acetyl coa either converts into ketone bodies or enters TCA
34
Q

outline the 2 types of amino acids

A
  • glucogenic
  • ketogenic

some can be both

35
Q

what is the role of glucogenic aas?

A

convert to glucose via pyruvate

36
Q

what is the role of ketogenic aas?

A

convert to acetyl CoA or ketone bodies-depending on body’s need

37
Q

where are essential amino acids obtained?

A

diet

38
Q

where are non-essential aas derived?

A

diet

transamination

39
Q

what happens to excess amino acids?

A

catabolised to urea after deamination

40
Q

what happens to the carbon skeleton of amino acids after transamination?

A 
oxidised to co2 via TCA (glucogenic--->pyruvate--->acetyl coa)
or
forms glucose
or 
forms ketone bodies
41
Q

what is transamination?

A

process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids and transferred to acceptor keto-acids to generate the amino acid version of the keto-acid and the keto-acid version of the original amino acid.

42
Q

describe features of metabolism in a fed state

A
  • glycogenesis (more glucose stored as glycogen)
  • glycolysis (glucose broken down into ATP)
  • lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis from FFAs)
  • AA synthesis
43
Q

which hormone promotes metabolism?

A

insulin

44
Q

describe the features of metabolism in a starving state

A
  • glycogenolysis-more glucose
  • gluconeogenesis-more glucose
  • lipolysis in adipose release FFAs and glycerol
  • glycerol—>glucose
  • moreoxidation of FFAs and ketone bodies for more energy
  • protein/ aas—>glucose

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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