RESP-anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
name the 3 compartments of the pharynx in the upper respiratory tract
A
- nasopharynx
- laryngopharynx
- oropharynx
2
Q
what are the functions of the nasal cavity?
A
- adjust temperature and humidity of inspired air
- trap and remove particulate matter
- drain paranasal sinuses
- olfaction
3
Q
what are conchae?
A
aka ‘turbinates’
-shelves of bone in lateral walls of nasal cavities
4
Q
what are the roles of conchae?
A
- > increase surface area with inspired air
- > allows rapid warming & humidification of air before it passes down into lungs
5
Q
Q. Which bone are the superior & middle conchae derived from?
A-Frontal B-Nasal C-Ethmoid D-Sphenoid E-Maxillary
A
C
6
Q
name the 4 paranasal sinuses
A
- frontal
- maxillary
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
(occur in pairs)
7
Q
what are the functions of paranasal sinuses?
A
- lighten skull
- voice resonance
- shock absorption
- allows space for growth
8
Q
which epithelium type lines the paranasal sinuses?
A
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
9
Q
what does the epithelium type in the paranasal sinuses secrete?
A
mucus
10
Q
what is the role of mucus in the paranasal sinuses?
A
- Mucus catches inhaled particles
- > transfers them to the nasal cavity/oropharynx for removal by coughing, swallowing or sneezing
11
Q
where does the spehno-ethmoidal recess drain into (1)?
A
sphenoid sinus
12
Q
where does the superior meatus drain into (1)?
A
posterior ethmoidal air cells
13
Q
where does the middle meatus drain into (3)?
A
- anterior ethmoidal air cells
- frontal sinus
- maxillary sinus
14
Q
where does the inferior meatus drain into (1)?
A
nasolacrimal duct (tear duct)
15
Q
what is epistaxis (nose bleed) most commonly caused by?
A
- rupture of Kisselbach’s plexus
- due to trauma or systemic (hypertension)
16
Q
what is the role of the Kisselbach’s plexus?
A
important site of extensive anastomosis in the anterior 1/3 of the nasal cavity
17
Q
which cranial nerve is olfaction mediated by?
A
olfactory nerve (CN I)
18
Q
where are olfactory receptors situated?
A
embedded within olfactory epithelium at the apex of each nasal cavity
19
Q
what are olfactory receptors?
A
peripheral processes of bipolar sensory neurones, with cell bodies deeper in epithelium
20
Q
where do olfactory receptors pass through?
A
-Receptors pass through perforations in the cribiform plate (part of ethmoid bone)
21
Q
where do axons of the 1st order bipolar neurones pass through?
A
- the cribriform plate to synapse with 2nd order neurones in the olfactory bulb
- from here neurones pass posteriorly in olfactory tract-carry info about smell
22
Q
what does anosmia mean?
A
loss/ change in sense of smell
23
Q
what can permanent anosmia be caused by?
A
head injury, or tumours which occur in the olfactory groove (eg. meningioma)
24
Q
what can temporary anosmia be caused by?
A
common cold, infection (eg. meningitis)
25
what can progressive anosmia be caused by?
neurodegenerative conditions (eg. Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease)
26
name the 3 parts the pharynx is divided into
- oropharynx
- nasopharynx
- laryngopharynx
27
how is the oropharynx divided from the oral cavity?
oropharyngeal isthmus
28
what does the pharyngeal isthmus divide?
nasopharynx from oropharynx
29
what does the Eutachian tube (aka pharyngotympanic tube) connect?
nasopharynx to middle ear cavity
30
describe the location of the nasopharynx
- posterior to choanae
| - continuous with oropharynx at pharyngeal isthmus
31
describe the location of the oropharynx
posterior to and divided from oral cavity by oropharyngeal isthmus
32
describe the location of the laryngopharynx
posterior to laryngeal inlet
33
what is the pharynx a common passage for?
food and air
34
how many pharyngeal muscles are there and what are their names?
- superior constrictor
- middle constrictor
- inferior constrictor
35
what is the shape of the pharyngeal muscles?
circular
36
what is the role of the pharyngeal muscles?
contract to push food bolus down oesophagus
37
what type of muscles are the pharyngeal muscles?
skeletal muscles
| rest of GI musculature is smooth
38
where in the pharynx are the longitudinal muscles located?
deep to circular muscles
39
name the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
- salpinopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
- stylopharyngeus
40
what is the role of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?
-> elevate & shorten pharynx, so food bolus can be pushed down into the oesophagus
41
what is the additional role of the salpinopharyngeus?
-> salpingopharyngeus also opens the pharyngeal orifice of the Eustachian tube during swallowing- allowing for the equalization of pressure between it and the pharynx
42
what are tonsils?
collection of lymphoid tissue in pharyngeal mucosa
43
where are tonsils in the upper respiratory tract?
surrounding openings of oral and nasal cavities
44
what is the role of tonsils in the upper pharyngeal tract?
Form a defence system present in upper respiratory tract
45
what is Waldeyer's ring?
ring of lymphoid tissue
46
name the 3 tonsils in the upper respiratory tract
- pharyngeal (Adenoids)
- palatine
- lingual
47
what are the functions of the larynx?
- functions as a valve to close lower respiratory tract
| - instrument to produce sound (voicebox)
48
what is the larynx composed of?
- 3 paired cartilages
| - 3 unpaired cartilages
49
name the 3 unpaired cartilages
- epiglottis
- thyroid
- cricoid
50
name the 3 paired cartilages
- arytenoid
- corniculate
- cuneiform
51
at which level does the trachea begin?
C6
| -level of cricoid cartilage
52
what is the vocal ligament formed by?
- upper free margin of cricothyroid ligament
- extending between thyrpid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage
- underlines the true vocal fold
53
what does the cricothyroid ligament form?
thickens in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament
54
name the internal ligament of the larynx
cricothyroid ligament
55
name the internal ligament of the larynx
quadrangular membrane
56
what is the role of the quadrangular membrane?
role in protecting the entrance to the trachea
57
where doe the quadrangular membrane extend between?
- lateral margin of epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage on either side
- has free upper and lower margin
- vestibular fold overlies vestibular ligament
58
is the quadrangular membrane a true or false vocal cord?
false
59
which cranial nerve innervates the larynx?
vagus nerve (CN X)
60
which muscles does the recurrent laryngeal muscle innervate?
all muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid
61
where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook underneath?
underneath right subclavian artery
62
where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook underneath?
arch of aorta
63
what innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
64
what is the function of the criocothyroid muscle?
elongates vocal fold, so allows for higher pitch voice
65
where does the right recurrent laryngeal originate?
in the root of the neck
66
what is the role of the recurrent laryngeal?
sensory below vocal cords and motor to all except cricothyroid muscle
67
what is the role of the superior laryngeal?
gives off external and internal laryngeal
68
what is the role of the internal laryngeal?
sensory above vocal cords
69
where does the superior thyroid artery branch off?
external carotid artery
70
which artery does the superior thyroid give off?
superior laryngeal artery
71
where does the inferior thyroid artery branch off?
thyrocervical trunk
72
which artery dies the inferior thyroid artery give off?
inferior laryngeal artery
73
what is the trachea?
airway between larynx and primary bronchi
74
at which level does the trachea begin?
C6
75
at which level does the trachea bifurcate?
at level of carina/ sternal angle (of Louis)
| -->T4
76
how is the patency (openness) of the trachea maintained?
maintained by cartilage
77
what is the shape of cartilage in the trachea and why?
C-shaped rings
| ->posterior border is soft to allow for expansion of the oesophagus for swallowing
78
which muscle makes up the posterior border of the the trachea?
trachealis muscle
79
what divides the lungs into lobes?
fissures
80
how many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes
| -superior and inferior
81
what divides the lobes of the left lung?
oblique fissure
82
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
| -superior, middle and inferior
83
what divides the lobes of the right lung?
horizontal and oblique fissures
84
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have?
10 BP segments
85
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have?
8-10 BP segments
86
what are BP segments?
the tissue served by a single tertiary bronchus
87
what separates BP segments?
connective tissue
88
how are BP segments functionally independent?
- own vasculature/ lymph etc.
| - surgically resectable
89
what are the differences between the right and left primary bronchus?
right
- wider
- shorter
- more vertical
left
- narrower
- longer
- more horizontal
90
which primary bronchus is more vertical?
right
91
which lung is an aspired foreign body more likely to enter?
right as primary bronchi is wider and more vertical
92
outline the order for the passage of air
trachea->primary bronchi (R/L) ->secondary bronchi (R/L)->terminal/ tertiary bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
93
what is another name for tertiary/ terminal bronchi?
segmental bronchi
94
which part of the airways is the last with cartilage?
terminal bronchi
95
what are the 3 types of bronchioles?
- conducting
- terminal
- respiratory (because of alveoli)
96
what is the lung root?
collection of structures entering and exiting the lung at its hilum
97
what is the name of the point of entry for the bronchus, blood vessels and nerves?
hilum
98
which structures cause an impression on the right lung?
SVC, azygos vein & oesophagus
99
which structures cause an impression on the left lung?
aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta
100
what are the functions of the chest wall?
- protect viscera
| - facilitate breathing
101
what causes the ribs to move?
contraction of intercostal muscles
102
which ribs make up the pump handle?
ribs 2-6
103
what is the function of the pump handle?
increases anterior-posterior dimension during inspiration
104
which ribs make up the bucket handle?
ribs 7-10
105
what is the function of the bucket handle?
increases lateral dimension during inspiration
106
what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
- diaphragm flattens downwards (increases superior-inferior dimension)
- increases overall thoracic volume
107
where is the intercostal neurovascular bundle found between?
between internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle
108
what is the effect of the external IC muscles on ribs?
elevate ribs
109
when do external IC muscles work?
quiet and forced inspiration
110
what is the effect of the internal IC muscles on ribs?
depress ribs
111
when do internal IC muscles work?
forced expiration (quiet expiration is passive)
112
what is the role of innermost intercostals?
- insignificant
| - thought to act with internals
113
what is the role of the diaphragm?
principle muscle of respiration
114
what innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
| C3-5
115
at which level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?
T8
116
at which level does the oesophagus and vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm?
T10
117
at which level does the aorta and cisterna chyli pass through the diaphragm?
T12
118
what does the parietal pleura line?
the wall of thoracic cavity
119
what does the visceral pleura line?
the surface of lungs
120
where do the 2 types of respiratory pleura connect?
at the lung root
121
what is the pleural cavity?
potential’ space between parietal and visceral pleura- small in an inflated lung & large in a collapsed lung
122
what does the pleural cavity contain?
serous fluid secreted by pleura
123
what is the role of serous fluid in the pleural cavity?
increases in volume when diaphragm contracts
124
what is negative pleural pressure?
pressure in pleural cavity is less than (‘negative’) atmospheric pressure
125
what does negative pleural pressure cause?
forces lung expansion and drives ventilation; if greater than atmospheric pressure, can cause lung collapse
126
what is it called when there is air inside the pleural cavity?
pneumothorax
127
how is fluid drained from the lungs?
thoracocentesis
128
what is pleural effusion?
when fluid (even gas) collects in pleural cavity recesses in excess
129
what are the names of the 2 pleural cavity recesses (where the lung doesn't fill the entire thoracic space)?
- costodiaphragmatic recess (CDR)
| - costomediastinal recess (CMR)
