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Medicine yr1 > RESP-anatomy > Flashcards

RESP-anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 compartments of the pharynx in the upper respiratory tract

A
  • nasopharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • oropharynx
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2
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • adjust temperature and humidity of inspired air
  • trap and remove particulate matter
  • drain paranasal sinuses
  • olfaction
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3
Q

what are conchae?

A

aka ‘turbinates’

-shelves of bone in lateral walls of nasal cavities

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4
Q

what are the roles of conchae?

A
  • > increase surface area with inspired air

- > allows rapid warming & humidification of air before it passes down into lungs

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5
Q

Q. Which bone are the superior & middle conchae derived from?

A-Frontal
B-Nasal
C-Ethmoid
D-Sphenoid
E-Maxillary
A

C

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6
Q

name the 4 paranasal sinuses

A
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid

(occur in pairs)

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7
Q

what are the functions of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • lighten skull
  • voice resonance
  • shock absorption
  • allows space for growth
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8
Q

which epithelium type lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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9
Q

what does the epithelium type in the paranasal sinuses secrete?

A

mucus

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10
Q

what is the role of mucus in the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Mucus catches inhaled particles

- > transfers them to the nasal cavity/oropharynx for removal by coughing, swallowing or sneezing

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11
Q

where does the spehno-ethmoidal recess drain into (1)?

A

sphenoid sinus

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12
Q

where does the superior meatus drain into (1)?

A

posterior ethmoidal air cells

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13
Q

where does the middle meatus drain into (3)?

A
  • anterior ethmoidal air cells
  • frontal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
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14
Q

where does the inferior meatus drain into (1)?

A

nasolacrimal duct (tear duct)

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15
Q

what is epistaxis (nose bleed) most commonly caused by?

A
  • rupture of Kisselbach’s plexus

- due to trauma or systemic (hypertension)

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16
Q

what is the role of the Kisselbach’s plexus?

A

important site of extensive anastomosis in the anterior 1/3 of the nasal cavity

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17
Q

which cranial nerve is olfaction mediated by?

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

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18
Q

where are olfactory receptors situated?

A

embedded within olfactory epithelium at the apex of each nasal cavity

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19
Q

what are olfactory receptors?

A

peripheral processes of bipolar sensory neurones, with cell bodies deeper in epithelium

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20
Q

where do olfactory receptors pass through?

A

-Receptors pass through perforations in the cribiform plate (part of ethmoid bone)

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21
Q

where do axons of the 1st order bipolar neurones pass through?

A
  • the cribriform plate to synapse with 2nd order neurones in the olfactory bulb
  • from here neurones pass posteriorly in olfactory tract-carry info about smell
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22
Q

what does anosmia mean?

A

loss/ change in sense of smell

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23
Q

what can permanent anosmia be caused by?

A

head injury, or tumours which occur in the olfactory groove (eg. meningioma)

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24
Q

what can temporary anosmia be caused by?

A

common cold, infection (eg. meningitis)

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25
Q

what can progressive anosmia be caused by?

A

neurodegenerative conditions (eg. Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease)

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26
Q

name the 3 parts the pharynx is divided into

A
  • oropharynx
  • nasopharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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27
Q

how is the oropharynx divided from the oral cavity?

A

oropharyngeal isthmus

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28
Q

what does the pharyngeal isthmus divide?

A

nasopharynx from oropharynx

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29
Q

what does the Eutachian tube (aka pharyngotympanic tube) connect?

A

nasopharynx to middle ear cavity

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30
Q

describe the location of the nasopharynx

A
  • posterior to choanae

- continuous with oropharynx at pharyngeal isthmus

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31
Q

describe the location of the oropharynx

A

posterior to and divided from oral cavity by oropharyngeal isthmus

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32
Q

describe the location of the laryngopharynx

A

posterior to laryngeal inlet

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33
Q

what is the pharynx a common passage for?

A

food and air

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34
Q

how many pharyngeal muscles are there and what are their names?

A
  • superior constrictor
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
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35
Q

what is the shape of the pharyngeal muscles?

A

circular

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36
Q

what is the role of the pharyngeal muscles?

A

contract to push food bolus down oesophagus

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37
Q

what type of muscles are the pharyngeal muscles?

A

skeletal muscles

rest of GI musculature is smooth

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38
Q

where in the pharynx are the longitudinal muscles located?

A

deep to circular muscles

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39
Q

name the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A
  • salpinopharyngeus
  • palatopharyngeus
  • stylopharyngeus
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40
Q

what is the role of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

A

-> elevate & shorten pharynx, so food bolus can be pushed down into the oesophagus

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41
Q

what is the additional role of the salpinopharyngeus?

A

-> salpingopharyngeus also opens the pharyngeal orifice of the Eustachian tube during swallowing- allowing for the equalization of pressure between it and the pharynx

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42
Q

what are tonsils?

A

collection of lymphoid tissue in pharyngeal mucosa

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43
Q

where are tonsils in the upper respiratory tract?

A

surrounding openings of oral and nasal cavities

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44
Q

what is the role of tonsils in the upper pharyngeal tract?

A

Form a defence system present in upper respiratory tract

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45
Q

what is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

ring of lymphoid tissue

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46
Q

name the 3 tonsils in the upper respiratory tract

A
  • pharyngeal (Adenoids)
  • palatine
  • lingual
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47
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • functions as a valve to close lower respiratory tract

- instrument to produce sound (voicebox)

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48
Q

what is the larynx composed of?

A
  • 3 paired cartilages

- 3 unpaired cartilages

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49
Q

name the 3 unpaired cartilages

A
  • epiglottis
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
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50
Q

name the 3 paired cartilages

A
  • arytenoid
  • corniculate
  • cuneiform
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51
Q

at which level does the trachea begin?

A

C6

-level of cricoid cartilage

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52
Q

what is the vocal ligament formed by?

A
  • upper free margin of cricothyroid ligament
  • extending between thyrpid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage
  • underlines the true vocal fold
53
Q

what does the cricothyroid ligament form?

A

thickens in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament

54
Q

name the internal ligament of the larynx

A

cricothyroid ligament

55
Q

name the internal ligament of the larynx

A

quadrangular membrane

56
Q

what is the role of the quadrangular membrane?

A

role in protecting the entrance to the trachea

57
Q

where doe the quadrangular membrane extend between?

A
  • lateral margin of epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage on either side
  • has free upper and lower margin
  • vestibular fold overlies vestibular ligament
58
Q

is the quadrangular membrane a true or false vocal cord?

A

false

59
Q

which cranial nerve innervates the larynx?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

60
Q

which muscles does the recurrent laryngeal muscle innervate?

A

all muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid

61
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook underneath?

A

underneath right subclavian artery

62
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook underneath?

A

arch of aorta

63
Q

what innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

64
Q

what is the function of the criocothyroid muscle?

A

elongates vocal fold, so allows for higher pitch voice

65
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal originate?

A

in the root of the neck

66
Q

what is the role of the recurrent laryngeal?

A

sensory below vocal cords and motor to all except cricothyroid muscle

67
Q

what is the role of the superior laryngeal?

A

gives off external and internal laryngeal

68
Q

what is the role of the internal laryngeal?

A

sensory above vocal cords

69
Q

where does the superior thyroid artery branch off?

A

external carotid artery

70
Q

which artery does the superior thyroid give off?

A

superior laryngeal artery

71
Q

where does the inferior thyroid artery branch off?

A

thyrocervical trunk

72
Q

which artery dies the inferior thyroid artery give off?

A

inferior laryngeal artery

73
Q

what is the trachea?

A

airway between larynx and primary bronchi

74
Q

at which level does the trachea begin?

A

C6

75
Q

at which level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

at level of carina/ sternal angle (of Louis)

–>T4

76
Q

how is the patency (openness) of the trachea maintained?

A

maintained by cartilage

77
Q

what is the shape of cartilage in the trachea and why?

A

C-shaped rings

->posterior border is soft to allow for expansion of the oesophagus for swallowing

78
Q

which muscle makes up the posterior border of the the trachea?

A

trachealis muscle

79
Q

what divides the lungs into lobes?

A

fissures

80
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes

-superior and inferior

81
Q

what divides the lobes of the left lung?

A

oblique fissure

82
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes

-superior, middle and inferior

83
Q

what divides the lobes of the right lung?

A

horizontal and oblique fissures

84
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have?

A

10 BP segments

85
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have?

A

8-10 BP segments

86
Q

what are BP segments?

A

the tissue served by a single tertiary bronchus

87
Q

what separates BP segments?

A

connective tissue

88
Q

how are BP segments functionally independent?

A
  • own vasculature/ lymph etc.

- surgically resectable

89
Q

what are the differences between the right and left primary bronchus?

A

right

  • wider
  • shorter
  • more vertical

left

  • narrower
  • longer
  • more horizontal
90
Q

which primary bronchus is more vertical?

A

right

91
Q

which lung is an aspired foreign body more likely to enter?

A

right as primary bronchi is wider and more vertical

92
Q

outline the order for the passage of air

A

trachea->primary bronchi (R/L) ->secondary bronchi (R/L)->terminal/ tertiary bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli

93
Q

what is another name for tertiary/ terminal bronchi?

A

segmental bronchi

94
Q

which part of the airways is the last with cartilage?

A

terminal bronchi

95
Q

what are the 3 types of bronchioles?

A
  • conducting
  • terminal
  • respiratory (because of alveoli)
96
Q

what is the lung root?

A

collection of structures entering and exiting the lung at its hilum

97
Q

what is the name of the point of entry for the bronchus, blood vessels and nerves?

A

hilum

98
Q

which structures cause an impression on the right lung?

A

SVC, azygos vein & oesophagus

99
Q

which structures cause an impression on the left lung?

A

aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta

100
Q

what are the functions of the chest wall?

A
  • protect viscera

- facilitate breathing

101
Q

what causes the ribs to move?

A

contraction of intercostal muscles

102
Q

which ribs make up the pump handle?

A

ribs 2-6

103
Q

what is the function of the pump handle?

A

increases anterior-posterior dimension during inspiration

104
Q

which ribs make up the bucket handle?

A

ribs 7-10

105
Q

what is the function of the bucket handle?

A

increases lateral dimension during inspiration

106
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A
  • diaphragm flattens downwards (increases superior-inferior dimension)
  • increases overall thoracic volume
107
Q

where is the intercostal neurovascular bundle found between?

A

between internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle

108
Q

what is the effect of the external IC muscles on ribs?

A

elevate ribs

109
Q

when do external IC muscles work?

A

quiet and forced inspiration

110
Q

what is the effect of the internal IC muscles on ribs?

A

depress ribs

111
Q

when do internal IC muscles work?

A

forced expiration (quiet expiration is passive)

112
Q

what is the role of innermost intercostals?

A
  • insignificant

- thought to act with internals

113
Q

what is the role of the diaphragm?

A

principle muscle of respiration

114
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

C3-5

115
Q

at which level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

116
Q

at which level does the oesophagus and vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10

117
Q

at which level does the aorta and cisterna chyli pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

118
Q

what does the parietal pleura line?

A

the wall of thoracic cavity

119
Q

what does the visceral pleura line?

A

the surface of lungs

120
Q

where do the 2 types of respiratory pleura connect?

A

at the lung root

121
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

potential’ space between parietal and visceral pleura- small in an inflated lung & large in a collapsed lung

122
Q

what does the pleural cavity contain?

A

serous fluid secreted by pleura

123
Q

what is the role of serous fluid in the pleural cavity?

A

increases in volume when diaphragm contracts

124
Q

what is negative pleural pressure?

A

pressure in pleural cavity is less than (‘negative’) atmospheric pressure

125
Q

what does negative pleural pressure cause?

A

forces lung expansion and drives ventilation; if greater than atmospheric pressure, can cause lung collapse

126
Q

what is it called when there is air inside the pleural cavity?

A

pneumothorax

127
Q

how is fluid drained from the lungs?

A

thoracocentesis

128
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

when fluid (even gas) collects in pleural cavity recesses in excess

129
Q

what are the names of the 2 pleural cavity recesses (where the lung doesn’t fill the entire thoracic space)?

A
  • costodiaphragmatic recess (CDR)

- costomediastinal recess (CMR)

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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