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Medicine yr1 > CVS-anatomy > Flashcards

CVS-anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

a space in the thorax, located between the right and left thoracic cavity

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2
Q

what are the 2 portions of the mediastinum?

A

divided into a superior and inferior portion

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3
Q

what structure lies within the anterior mediastinum?

A

thymus

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4
Q

what structure lies within the middle mediastinum?

A
  • heart

- pericardium

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5
Q

what structure lies within the posterior mediastinum?

A
  • great vessel

- oesophagus

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6
Q

which structure separates the superior and inferior portion of the mediastinum?

A

sternal angle-angle of Louis

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7
Q

what vertebral level is the sternal angle?

A

T4/ T5

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8
Q

what is inferior portion of the mediastinum separated into?

A
  • anterior
  • middle
  • posterior
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9
Q

where does the left atrium receive oxygenated blood from?

A

o2- pulmonary veins

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10
Q

what is the texture of the posterior and anterior interior walls of the left atrium?

A

smooth

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11
Q

what is the texture of the right atrium?

A
  • anterior-rough due to pectinate muscles

- posterior-smooth

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12
Q

which valve does blood pass through from the LA to LV

A

bicuspid-mitral valve

AV valve

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13
Q

which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall

A

left ventricle

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14
Q

which valve prevents back flow of blood into the LV form the aorta?

A

aortic semilunar valve

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15
Q

where does some of the blood in the aorta filter into?

A

coronary arteries

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16
Q

which 3 structures in the LV help keep the bicuspid/mitral valve shut?

A
  • trabeculae carnae
  • chordae tendinae
  • papillary muscle
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17
Q

which 3 veins does the RA receive blood from?

A
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • coronary sinus
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18
Q

which valve allows blood to flow RA–>RV?

A

tricuspid valve

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19
Q

which structure can been seen in the interatrial septum which is a remnant of the foramen ovale?

A

fossa ovalis

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20
Q

which 3 structures are present in the RV?

A
  • trabecula carnae
  • moderator band/ septomarginal
  • chordae tendinae
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21
Q

what are trabeculae carnae?

A

series of raised cardiac muscle fibres

-prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane

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22
Q

what is the role of the moderator band/ septomarginal band in the RV?

A

acts as a bridge between RV and interventricular septum so that papillary muscles contract before RV walls contract

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23
Q

what is the role of the chordae tendinae in the RV?

A

responsible for closing tricuspid valve and preventing backflow of blood → papillary muscles can contract and pull chordae tendineae taut

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24
Q

through which valve does blood flow through from the RV?

A

pulmonary SL valve

-to the pulmonary trunk

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25
Q

what are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • serous parietal pericardium
  • serous visceral pericardium (epicardium)
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26
Q

what is the visceral serous pericardium also known as?

A

epicardium

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27
Q

what is the outermost layer of the pericardium?

A

fibrous

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28
Q

which is the innermost layer of the pericardium which surround the heart?

A

visceral (epicardium)

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29
Q

what is the name of the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

A

pericardial cavity

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30
Q

what is the pericardial cavity filled with?

A

pericardial fluid

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31
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

membrane that surrounds and protects heart, prevents overfilling of heart chambers &
lubricates movement of heart

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32
Q

which 2 ligaments connected to the pericardium allow movement for vigorous and rapid contraction of the heart?

A
  • pericardiophrenic ligament (diaphragm to pericardium-inferior)
  • sternopericardial ligament (sternum to pericardium-anterior)
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33
Q

when an AV valve is open where do the cusps project?

A

atria—>ventricle

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34
Q

when the AV valves (tricuspid/ mitral) are open are the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae relaxed or contracted?

A
  • papillary muscles relaxed

- chordae tendinae-slack

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35
Q

what causes the AV valves to close?

A

when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure-pushing cusps upwards

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36
Q

what happens to the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles when closing the AV valve?

A
  • chordae tendinae become taut as papillary muscles tense

- chordae tendinae pull down on cusps pulling them into V

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37
Q

how many layers of the heart are there?

A

3

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38
Q

name the layers of the heart

A
  • epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • myocardium (cardiac muscle)
  • endocardium (endothelium)
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39
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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40
Q

is cardiac muscle multinucleated or mononucleated?

A

mononucleated

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41
Q

is cardiac muscle branched or single stranded?

A

branched

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42
Q

is cardiac muscle striated or smooth?

A

striated

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43
Q

why can the heart not regenerate itself after damage?

A

has no stem cells

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44
Q

how is cardiac syncytium achieved?

A

network of cardiomyocytes are connected by intercalated discs
–>enabling rapid transmission of electrical impulses, allowing the syncytium to act in a coordinated contraction of myocardium

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45
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

random transverse thickenings between sarcolemma of adjacent cells

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46
Q

what do intercalated discs contain?

A

-desmosomes (holding fibres together) with gap junctions inside

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47
Q

describe the role of gap junctions in cardiomyocytes.

A
  • allow for rapid flow of ions between cells-if 1 cardiomyocyte depolarises the rest follow
  • allow myocardium of entire chamber of heart to contract as a single coordinated unit
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48
Q

how does the appearance of cardiac muscle differ from skeletal?

A

-cardiac muscle contains far more mitochondria

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49
Q

name the 2 separated functional syncytiums in the heart

A
  • atrial syncytium

- ventricular syncytium

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50
Q

where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?

A

left and right aortic sinuses of aorta

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51
Q

which branches are given off the left coronary artery?

A
  • left anterior descending artery (LAD)
  • left marginal artery (LMA)
  • left circumflex artery (LCx)
52
Q

in 20% of individuals which artery does the LCA also contribute to?

A

posterior interventricular artery (Plv)/ posterior descending—>LEFT CORONARY DOMINANCE

53
Q

which branches are given off the right coronary artery?

A
  • right marginal artery (RMA)

- posterior interventricular artery/ descending (80% of individuals)

54
Q

what is right coronary dominance?

A

right coronary artery (RCA) supplies the posterior portion of the interventricular septum and gives off the posterior descending artery

55
Q

what is left coronary dominance?

A

posterior descending artery supplied by LCA

56
Q

what % of people have left coronary dominance?

A

20%

57
Q

name the heart structures supplied by the RCA

A
  • RA
  • RV (most)
  • LV (diaphragmatic part)
  • interventricular septum (posterior 1/3)
  • SA node
58
Q

in what % of people is the SAN is supplied by the RCA?

A

60%

59
Q

Which structures of the heart are supplied by the LCA?

A
  • LA
  • LV (most)
  • RV (partially)
  • interventricular septum (anterior 2/3)
  • SAN
  • AVN
  • AV bundle
60
Q

in what % of people is SAN supplied by LCA?

A

40%

61
Q

Which coronary artery supplied the AVN and AV bundle?

A

LCA

62
Q

which structure do all coronary veins drain into?

A

coronary sinus

63
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

RA

64
Q

name the 5 tributaries that drain into the coronary sinus

A
  • great cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
  • left marginal vein
  • left posterior ventricular vein
65
Q

where does the great cardiac vein originate and join to?

A

originates at apex of heart —>follows anterior interventricular groove—>joins on left

66
Q

where is the middle cardiac vein situated?

A

posterior surface—>joins on left

67
Q

where is the small cardiac vein situated?

A

anterior surface—>joins on right side

68
Q

on which surface do the left marginal and left posterior ventricular vein lie?

A

posterior surface

69
Q

which layer of tissue associated with the heart is also know as epicardium?

A-fibrous pericardium
B-Myocardium
C-partietal layer of serous pericardium 
D-pericardial cavity 
E-visceral layer of serous pericardium
A

E

70
Q

is a depression on the interatrial wall…

A

Fossa ovalis

71
Q

receives the umbilical, vitelline and cardinal veins…

A

sinus venosus

72
Q

is membranous tissue that grows in a crescentic shape to fuse with the endocardial cushions…

A

septum primum

73
Q

shunts blood from the left umbilical vein into the IVC….

A

ductus venosus

74
Q

is closed by increased pulmonary blood in the LA…

A

foramen ovale

75
Q

what are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A
  • tunica intima (inner)
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventitia (outer)
76
Q

what is the tunica intima made up of?

A

single layer of flattened, squamous endothelial cells/ basement membrane/ internal elastic lamina

77
Q

what does the tunica intima allow?

A

allows diffusion of material to deeper tissue

78
Q

what does the tunica media layer consist of?

A

smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres

79
Q

what does the tunica media allow?

A

vasoconstriction and dilation

80
Q

what is the difference in tunica media in arteries compared to veins?

A

arteries have much thicker tunica media compared to veins

81
Q

what does the tunica adventitia consist of?

A

elastic tissue and collagen fibres

82
Q

what are the 3 types of arteries?

A
  • elastic/ conducting arteries
  • muscular/ distributing arteries
  • resistance arteries
83
Q

give examples of elastic/ conducting arteries

A
  • aorta
  • aortic branches
  • pulmonary arteries
84
Q

where do conducting arteries transport blood?

A

from heart to muscular/ distributing arteries

85
Q

how do elastic/ conducting arteries cope with pressure changes?

A

-high elastic fibre content in tunica media

86
Q

what controls the smooth muscles in elastic fibres allowing vasoconstriction/ vasodilation?

A

ANS

87
Q

give examples of muscular/ distributing arteries

A

radial artery

splenic artery

88
Q

where do muscular/ distributing arteries distribute blood to?

A

resistance arteries

89
Q

how does the muscle content of muscular/ distributing arteries differ to elastic/ conducting arteries?

A

higher muscular content

90
Q

where are resistance arteries found?

A

end points of arteries/ arterioles

91
Q

what is the defining structure of resistance arteries?

A
  • poorly defined adventitia

- little smooth muscle

92
Q

what can innervation of resistance arteries cause?

A

vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to stimuli

93
Q

which veins contain 70% of blood volume?

A

reservoir/ capacitance veins

94
Q

what is the structure of reservoir veins?

A

-Relatively large tunica adventitia

★ More compliant than arteries – can change according to volume

95
Q

what structure in veins prevents back flow of blood?

A

valves

96
Q

describe the respiratory pump.

A

during inspiration, intrathoracic pressure is negative and abdominal pressure is positive – this pulls blood towards RA

97
Q

what are examples of exchange vessels?

A

capillaries or sinusoids

  • often fenestrated
  • only tunica intima
98
Q

what is a great vessel?

A

term for any large vessel that brings blood to/ from heart

99
Q

give examples of great vessels.

A
  • ascending aorta
  • aortic arch
  • descending aorta
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • pulmonary trunk
100
Q

where does the ascending aorta receive blood from?

A

LV

101
Q

which pericardium layer does the ascending aorta lie within?

A

Lies within fibrous pericardium enclosed in a tube of serous pericardium with the pulmonary trunk

102
Q

which valve is the ascending aorta attached to?

A

aortic SL valve

103
Q

where does the aortic arch pass?

A

obliquely posterior left

104
Q

which section of the mediastinum is the aortic arch?

A

superior

105
Q

which vessels does the aortic arch give rise to?

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid
  • Left subclavian
106
Q

which section of the mediastinum does the descending aorta lie within?

A

posterior mediastinum

107
Q

which vertebral level does the descending aorta begin at?

A

T4

108
Q

Where does the descending aorta pass?

A
  • Passes posterior to hilum of lung

- Descends anterior to vertebral bodies and slightly to left

109
Q

at which vertebral level does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm at the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

110
Q

Which vessel is the most anterior?

A

pulmonary trunk (but them passes posteriorly to left of aorta)

111
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk send deoxygenated blood?

A

RV—>lungs

112
Q

at which vertebral levels does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into pulmonary arteries?

A

T5

113
Q

where does the SVC receive deoxygenated blood from?

A

structures above diaphragm

114
Q

where does the SVC drain into?

A

RA

115
Q

how is the SVC formed?

A

by the junction of left and right brachiocephalic veins

116
Q

which vertebral spaces does the SVC descend to?

A

vertically posterior to 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces

117
Q

where does the IVC receive deoxygenated blood from?

A

structures below diaphragm

118
Q

where does the IVC drain blood into?

A

inferoposterior RA

enters through eustachian valve

119
Q

which vertebral level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

120
Q

why is the thoracic part of IVC short?

A

as it passes through pericardium

121
Q

which system is the heart controlled by?

A

ANS

-sympathetic (cardiac nerves) and parasympathetic (vagus nerves)

122
Q

how does the SNS affect the heart?

A

increases firing rate of SAN → increases heart rate & force of contraction

123
Q

how does the PNS affect the heart?

A

decreases firing rate of SAN → decreases heart rate & force of contraction, and constricts coronary arteries

124
Q

what is the effect of PNS on coronary arteries?

A

constricts coronary arteries

125
Q

what does the vagus nerve sense?

A

changes int BP and chemistry

126
Q

where does the sympathetic trunk return to?

A

either cervical or thoracic regions

127
Q

Which blood vessel layer consists of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres which allow for vasoconstriction and dilation?

A

Tunica Media

Medicine yr1 (55 decks)

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