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8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) > U7L7 Advances in Science and Technology > Flashcards

U7L7 Advances in Science and Technology Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the Messenger orbiter do?

A

It took the Messenger orbiter seven years after its launch from Earth in 2004 to reach orbit around the planet Mercury.

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2
Q

What did the New Horizons orbiter do?

A

The New Horizons space probe needed a nine-year voyage after its launch in 2006 to reach Pluto

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3
Q

What did the Juno orbiter do?

A

The Juno orbiter needed five years after its launch in 2011 to reach Jupiter.

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4
Q

Which orbiters did NASA send to explore Mars?

A

The Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance orbiters circled Mars. They took photographs, recorded the weather, mapped the terrain, and sent the information back to Earth.

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5
Q

When did NASA begin to send scientific rovers to explore Mars?

A

2004

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6
Q

Which rovers traveled around the Mars’s surface?

A

The Opportunity and Spirit rovers traveled across the planet’s surface and sent images back to Earth.

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7
Q

What does the Curiosity science laboratory do?

A

The Curiosity science laboratory collected and analyzed Martian soil and rocks.

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8
Q

What was NASA’s goal on Mars?

A

To look for evidence of water and for fossils or organic materials to find out whether ancient life existed on Mars.

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9
Q

What was the Kepler mission?

A

NASA studied our Milky Way Galaxy in a search for new planets.

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10
Q

What was the Kepler telescope?

A

The Kepler telescope collected images from the galaxy and sent them back to Earth. Scientists analyzing those images identified more than 1,700 planets outside Earth’s solar system.

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11
Q

How did the book Silent Spring begin the modern environment movement?

A

In this book, Rachel Carson, a marine biologist, warned readers of the dangers of DDT. Carson explained that DDT sprayed on crops did not just kill insects. It killed birds and fish and even threatened human food supplies.

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12
Q

What is DDT?

A

DDT is a chemical that farmers used to kill insects.

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13
Q

How did Congress respond to the protest that the book “Silent Spring” brought?

A

Congress passed a law to restrict the use of DDT.

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14
Q

After Congress banned the use of DDT, what other environmental groups started asking for protective laws?

A

The Sierra Club, the National Wildlife Foundation, and the Audubon Society. (Just to make a few)

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15
Q

In 1970, what did President Richard Nixon make?

Environmental

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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16
Q

When was the first earth day held?

A

1970

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17
Q

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, during the 1900s, the temperature near Earth’s surface rose ___ degrees Fahrenheit.

A

1.4

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18
Q

The EPA estimated that the temperature would increase another _ to ____ degrees by 2100.

A

2; 11.5

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19
Q

What has climate change done to eastern America?

Precipitation

A

Heavier rain and increased flooding

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20
Q

What has climate change done to western America?

Precipitation

A

Droughts

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21
Q

What does the EPA do to reduce greenhouse gases?

A

The EPA worked to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Since both pollution and climate change were global issues, the EPA also worked with international partners.

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22
Q

What do critics say about renewable sources of energy?

A

Critics argued that these sources are often more expensive than fossil fuels and that relying on them could harm the economy.

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23
Q

What happened at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant?

A

In 1979, the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, experienced a meltdown in its reactor. This accident caused radioactive material to leak and it forced people to evacuate the area.

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24
Q

How does nuclear power make energy?

A

Nuclear power plants convert radioactive nuclear fuels into energy by capturing the force of splitting atoms.

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25
Q

Why is nuclear waste bad?

A

Nuclear waste remains hazardous to people and other living things for hundreds of thousands of years. During the early 2000s, experts could not agree on a safe way to dispose of nuclear waste, so there was the risk that it could harm people for many generations to come.

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26
Q

Why are biofuels controversial?

A

Growing, processing, and transporting crops to create biofuels uses fossil fuels that contribute to pollution and consume energy.

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27
Q

What planet has NASA given special attention?

A

Mars

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28
Q

What day did environmentalists create in 1970?

A

Earth day

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29
Q

What is a biofuel?

A

energy produced from converting biomass, plant, and waste material into liquid fuels

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30
Q

What is biotechnology? What does it help with?

A

Biotechnology is technology based on biology. Advances in biotechnology helped feed, fuel, and heal the world. Biotechnology made rapid advances in the years after 2000. Not only did biotechnology improve medicine and agriculture, it also supported a growing industry based on creating products and services with biotechnology.

31
Q

What does the medical field use biotechnology for?

A

The medical field uses biotechnology to detect and fight disease.

32
Q

What did the Human Genome Project do?

A

IIn 1990, the Human Genome Project brought the international scientific community together to map all the genes in the human body. The project was completed in 2003.

33
Q

About how many genes are in a human?

A

20,500

34
Q

What is the human genome?

A

The complete set of genes in the human body

35
Q

How did the human genome help the medical field?

A

Studying the human genome helped researchers understand human diseases. With this knowledge, they could develop new plans for the detection, treatment, and prevention of diseases.

36
Q

What did reachers use biotechnology for?

Drugs

A

Researchers also used biotechnology to make drugs to treat diseases. They learned to adjust the genes of microorganisms, such as bacteria, to make them produce useful drugs and other treatments.

37
Q

How do farmers use biotechnology?

A

Farmers use biotechnology to increase crop production, develop crops that are resistant to insects, and enhance food nutrition. By adjusting the genes of crop plants, researchers were able to create varieties of crops that produced more food or that resisted drought, insects, and other agents that harmed crops.

38
Q

What did critics and researchers say about biotechnology?

A

Critics raised concerns about genetically modified organisms, including crops or livestock. These concerns include the rising dependence of farmers on biotechnology companies.

Researchers also expressed concern about possible dangers to the environment or human health from some uses of biotechnology in agriculture.

39
Q

What did scientists say about biotechnology?

A

Scientists believed that genetically modified foods, as part of a healthy diet, posed no risk to human health

40
Q

Why did Globalization increase the impact of illnesses?

A

The frequency of travel intensified the rate at which diseases could be transmitted throughout the world. This increased rate of transmission led to increased concern about health security.

41
Q

What does the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) do?

A

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) worked with governments around the world to address this concern. The CDC helped other countries learn how to detect and prevent the spread of potential disease epidemics.

42
Q

What is HIV?

A

HIV stands for human immuno-deficiency virus.

43
Q

How has AIDS treatment gotten better?

A

During the 1990s, medications for AIDS improved. By the 2000s, nearly all Americans had access to effective AIDS treatments.

44
Q

What does ALDS stand for?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

45
Q

What does AIDS do?

A

An often fatal disease that attacks the human immune system.

46
Q

What does the National Cancer Institute do?

A

They develop drugs and other treatments that targeted cancer cells. These treatments were safer and more effective than earlier treatments for cancer.

47
Q

How were the first computers like?

A

The first computers in the world were mainframes, which were so large they could fill a room.

48
Q

How could afford the first computers?

A

In the 1950s and 1960s, only private businesses, the government, and universities could afford to own them.

49
Q

When did computers start getting affordable and in smaller sizes?

A

1980s

50
Q

Who provided the basis for the internet?

A

In the 1960s, a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology worked to develop a system to connect computers worldwide.

51
Q

What is the internet?

A

a system of linking computers worldwide that gives users access to information

52
Q

Who created the web?

A

The web was created in the 1980s using technology developed by the United States, Britain, and France.

53
Q

What is the web and how does it use the internet?

A

The web is one of many services that run on the Internet. It links documents through hypertext. Web browsers let people view those documents as images, texts, and multimedia on the Internet

54
Q

Describe the first cell phones? Yea

A

The first mobile phones, or cell phones, were developed in the 1970s, but they were awkward and expensive.

55
Q

What is cybercrime?

A

Cybercrime includes identity theft, or stealing identifying details from a person, usually to steal by charging purchases to that person. Cybercrime also includes fraud, espionage, and illegal intelligence gathering.

56
Q

In which countries does the most internet attacks take place?

A

Untied States
China
Russia

57
Q

What is cyber-warfare?

A

It uses computers and other digital devices to attack an enemy’s information system. It can be used in combination with military-based attacks, or it can be carried out on its own. Cyberwarfare can be directed toward businesses, agencies, organizations, and governments.

58
Q

How can politics or terrorism motivate cyberattacks?

A

If a cyberattack hit a country’s power grid, it could cause traffic accidents, interrupt surgeries, and stop factory production.

59
Q

What does the the Department of Defense’s cyberwarfare unit and the National Security Agency (NSA) do?

A

Protect the U.S. from cyberattacks. The NSA supported military operations, the intelligence community, government agencies, private industries, and America’s allies. It collected and processed data to protect the security of the nation.

60
Q

Some of the NSA’s data collection methods were controversial…

A

In 2013, NSA contractor Edward Snowden leaked NSA documents to the press. Snowden’s actions were also controversial. The U.S. government charged that he had damaged the nation’s security. The case raised questions about government surveillance of U.S. citizens and American allies and the balance between individual privacy and national security.

61
Q

What was the Human Genome Project?

A

an effort to map all the genes in the human body

62
Q

How does the CDC help other countries?

A

teaches them how to detect and prevent the spread of potential disease epidemics

63
Q

From where do most Internet attacks take place?

A

through computers based in the United States, China, and Russia

64
Q

What was so special about the Apple II computer?

A

Jobs changed the face of the computers. The Apple II was the first mass-market computer.

65
Q

What did Steve Wozniak, the engineer who was the co-founder of Apple, do?

A

In 1976, he designed a microcomputer that would become the inspiration for Apple.

66
Q

What was Apple I?

A

At first, Wozniak and Jobs provided microcomputer circuit boards. However, it soon became clear that there was a demand for a finished product—so they added keyboards and monitors and called the computer the Apple I.

67
Q

What did Wozniak do after he retired?

A

He became a philanthropist and great supporter of education for all children.

68
Q

What did Bill Gates do?

A

He was the closest-founder of Microsoft?

69
Q

What did Gates write his first software program?

A

when he was only 13 years old

70
Q

What did Bill Gates do when he was in high school?

A

In high school he formed a group that computerized his school’s payroll system.

71
Q

What was Fates first major success?

A

His first major success was licensing his operating system, MS-DOS, to the world’s biggest computer supplier. From there, almost all developers of personal computers used his operating system and software. Gates had built an empire.

72
Q

What was special about the Apple II?

A

It was the first mass-market computer.

73
Q

What did Jobs and Wozniak first sell at Apple?

A

microcomputer circuit boards.

74
Q

What was Bill Gates’s first major success?

A

licensing MS-DOS to the world’s biggest computer supplier

8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) (57 decks)

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