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8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) > U4L1 Expansion in the Pacific > Flashcards

U4L1 Expansion in the Pacific Flashcards

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1
Q

Washington believed in the policy of isolationism. What is isolationism?

A

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries

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2
Q

How long was isolationism policy maintained in the U.S.?

A

For over a hundred years

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3
Q

How was America following expansionism?

A

They kept expanding its national boundaries by constantly pressing westward

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4
Q

Why didn’t Japan allow trading with other countries? Why did they cut themselves off from the world in the 1600s?

A

They feared outsiders and expelled all westerners

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5
Q

What one country did Japan trade with?

A

The Dutch, however, it was they were only allowed to trade at the port of Nagasaki once a year.

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6
Q

What happened if you had a shipwreck on the shores of Japan?

A

They were not allowed to leave Japan

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7
Q

What were the two main reasons that Americans wanted Japan to open its ports?

A
  1. to trade

2. to help shipwrecked sailors

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8
Q

What did President Fillmore do to hopefully convince Japan to open its ports?

A

In July 1853, he sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan.

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9
Q

What did Commodore Matthew Perry bring the shocked the Japanese?

A

To get to Japan Perry brought 4 warships, the Japanese never seen steam-powered ships.

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10
Q

What did the Japanese rulers think of Perry’s arrival?

A

They ordered him to leave

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11
Q

What did Perry give the Japanese rulers before he left?

A

A letter from President Millard Fillmore, which asked the Japanese to open trading relations with the United States

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12
Q

After he gave the letter, Perry said he would come back the following year for an answer. What was different this time?

A

This time Perry brought 9 war ships, the Japanese emperor, impressed by their strength, signed the Treaty of Kanagawa.

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13
Q

What did the Treaty of Kanagawa say?

A

In the treaty, Japan accepted demands to help shipwrecked sailors. It also opened two ports to American trade.

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14
Q

How was Japan impacted by U.S. expansion?

A

When Japan saw the power of the United States and opened trade with the U.S., it also decided to become an industrialized nation.

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15
Q

In the 1860s, Secretary of State William Seward wanted the United States to dominate _________.

A

trade in the Pacific

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16
Q

Why did Seward want to annex Midway Island, which is in the middle of the Pacific, and buy Alaska from Russia?

A

To increase trade with Asia

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17
Q

When did the Midway Island get annexed?

A

1867

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18
Q

Why was Russia eager to get rid of Alaska?

A

It was too far away to govern effectively

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19
Q

What deal did Russia present America with? Did Seward agree to this?

A

They were willing to sell Alaska for $7.2 million. Seward agreed to but the land right then and there.

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20
Q

The purchase of Alaska increased the area of the United States by almost _______.

A

one-fifth

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21
Q

What is Americans think of the purchase of Alaska at first?

A

Most Americans thought of Alaska as a barren land of icy mountains and frozen fish.

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22
Q

What did Americans call the new territory of Alaska?

A

Seward’s Ice Box

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23
Q

What did Americans call the purchase of Alaska?

A

Seward’s Folly

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24
Q

What changed Americans’ minds of Alaska?

A

prospectors found gold in Alaska

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25
Q

What made people like Alaska’s land so much?

A

The lowlands of southern Alaska are well suited to farming. The land is also rich in timber, copper, petroleum, and natural gas.

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26
Q

When did Alaska become the forty-ninth state?

A

1959

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27
Q

The period between 1870 and 1914 has often been called the __________.

A

Age of Imperialism

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28
Q

What is the definition of Imperialism?

A

the policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions

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29
Q

What was the reason of the growth of imperialism?

Agricultural/ Geographical

A

The industrial nations of Europe needed raw materials and new markets. European factories used raw materials from Africa and Asia to manufacture goods. Some of these goods would then be sold in Africa and Asia.

30
Q

What was the reason of the growth of imperialism?

Social

A

Racism was another key reason. Many Europeans felt that they had a duty to spread their religion and culture to people whom they considered to be less civilized.

31
Q

What did British writer Rudyard Kipling’s “the white man’s burden” not realize?

A

Such thinking ignored that Africans and Asians already had rich cultures of their own.

32
Q

What was “the white man’s burden”?

A

Many Europeans felt that they had a duty to spread their religion and culture to people whom they considered to be less civilized.

NO ONE ASKED REBECCA

33
Q

Why was competition a reason of the growth of imperialism?

A

When a European country colonized an area, it often closed markets of that area to other countries. A European nation might take over an area just to keep rival nations out.

34
Q

In the 1890s, what was the U.S. the world leader of?

A

By the 1890s, the United States was a world leader in industry and agriculture. American factories turned out huge amounts of steel and American farms grew surpluses of corn, wheat, and cotton.

35
Q

How did people think America would collapse?

A

By the 1890s, the United States was a world leader in industry and agriculture. American factories turned out huge amounts of steel and American farms grew surpluses of corn, wheat, and cotton. The nation was growing rapidly, and arguments in favor of expansion were popular.

36
Q

What did expansionists believe was their duty and right was Americans?

A

To spread western culture

37
Q

What did naval captain, Alfred Mahan, say in “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”?

A

Mahan argued that the prosperity of the United States depended on foreign trade. Furthermore, he said, a bigger navy was needed to protect American merchant ships.

38
Q

What did Mahan view about the navy and expansion?

A

In Mahan’s view, the United States could not expand its navy unless it controlled naval bases throughout the world.

39
Q

Why was Mahan interested in acquiring harbors in the Caribbean and the pacific?

A

Harbors in the Caribbean and the Pacific could act as links to Latin America and Asia

40
Q

Why was the American navy ships called the Great White Fleet?

A

Its steam-powered ships were called the Great White Fleet because their steel hulls were all painted white.

41
Q

What were three general factors for the growth of imperialism?

A

the need for new markets and raw materials, racism, and competition

42
Q

List the reasons for the increase in American expansionism.

A

Reasons for the increase in American expansionism included the search for raw materials and new markets, racism, the spread of American culture and religions, competition with Europe for colonies, and access to land overseas.

43
Q

Why was America interested in Samoa, a chain of islands in the South Pacific?

A

Samoa had a fine harbor that could serve as a naval base and commercial port.

44
Q

Which three countries fought to control Soma?

A

Germany
Great Britain
America

45
Q

How was the Soma problem solved?

A

After much fighting, the three nations arranged a peaceful settlement. The United States and Germany divided Samoa, while Britain received territories elsewhere in the Pacific.

46
Q

Why was America interested in Hawaii?

A

Hawaii is a chain of eight large islands and more than 100 smaller islands. Hawaii’s rich soil, warm climate, and plentiful rainfall allow farmers to grow crops all year round.

47
Q

How did Americans begin to settle in Hawaii?

A

American ships bound for China began stopping in Hawaii, and a few American sailors and traders settled there.

48
Q

How did American missionaries help Hawaii rulers?

A

In 1820, American missionaries began arriving in Hawaii. They were eager to convert the Hawaiians to Christianity. The missionaries and other Americans became valued advisers to the rulers of Hawaii. Americans helped write Hawaii’s first constitution in 1840.

49
Q

How did plantations cause the main population in Hawaii to be Japanese?

A

By the mid-1800s, Americans had set up large sugar plantations in Hawaii. Needing cheap labor, the planters imported thousands of workers from China, Korea, the Philippines, and Japan. By 1900, one fourth of Hawaii’s population had been born in Japan.

50
Q

What type of plantations where in Hawaii?

A

Sugar plantations

51
Q

In 1887, American planters forced the Hawaiian king, Kalakaua, to accept a new constitution, what did the constitution call for?

A

It reduced royal power and increased the planters’ influence.

52
Q

What did American influence do to the native Hawaiian culture?

A

New rules outlawed Hawaiian traditions. The Hawaiian language could not be taught in schools, and dances such as the Hula were banned.

53
Q

How did imperialism change the relationship between the environment and Hawaii’s people?

A

Traditionally, land had been divided among the Hawaiian crown, the government, and the ruling elite. As American influence strengthened, control of much of Hawaii’s land was given to American plantation owners instead.

54
Q

How did foreigners affect the Hawaiian environment?

A
  1. Native forests were cleared and water was diverted for agricultural use
  2. Altered the environment by clearing native species and bringing in new animals and plants
  3. Introduced to reforest areas and change agricultural practices with exotic, non-native plants
55
Q

How was the new queen of Hawaii, Liliuokalani, different from former ruler, Kalakaua?

A

The new queen, Liliuokalani, cherished Hawaiian independence. Rejecting the new constitution, she sought to reduce the influence and privileges of planters and foreign merchants.

56
Q

What did Americans at Hawaii do about Liliuokalani?

A

The American ambassador called for U.S. marines to land on Hawaii and protect American lives. In fact, the marines helped topple the queen. Faced with American guns, Liliuokalani gave up her throne.

57
Q

What did President Cleveland think about the Hawaiian Revolution?

A

President Grover Cleveland blocked moves to take over the islands. “Our interference in the Hawaiian Revolution of 1893 was disgraceful,” he later said.

58
Q

After Liliuokalani left power, what did planters want?

A

Hawaii to be annexed

59
Q

When was Hawaii annexed?

A

Congress finally annexed Hawaii in 1898, after Cleveland left office. Two years later, Hawaii became a United States territory. In 1959, Hawaii became the fiftieth state.

60
Q

Why was it hard for the U.S. to get Asian territory?

A

It was a latecomer to the race

61
Q

Why was the rivalry for China fierce?

A

Once the most advanced empire in the world, China had been weakened by years of civil war. In addition, China had refused to industrialize in the 1800s. It was unable to fight off industrial nations seeking profits from its vast resources and markets.

62
Q

What were the spheres of influence in China?

A 
Britain 
France
Germany
Russia 
Japan
63
Q

What was a sphere of influence?

A

A sphere of influence was an area, usually around a seaport, where a nation had special trading privileges.

64
Q

What did nations do in their sphere of influence in China?

A

Each nation made laws for its own citizens in its own sphere.

65
Q

What did Secretary of State John Hay fear about joining the Chinese trade?

A

He feared that the imperial powers would cut China off to American merchants

66
Q

What was the open door policy?

A

Because John Hay feared that the imperial powers would cut China off to American merchants, hesent a letter in 1899 to all the nations that had spheres of influence in China. He urged them to keep an “open door” in China permitting any nation to trade in the spheres of others. Reluctantly, the imperialist powers accepted the Open Door Policy.

67
Q

What did most Chinese think about foreign influence?

A

They resented it

68
Q

What was the Righteous Fists of Harmony, or Boxers.

A

A group of Chinese citizens how actively acted out at the foreign influences.

69
Q

What did the Righteous Fists of Harmony, or Boxers do?

A

In 1900, the Boxers attacked westerners, whom they called “foreign devils,” all over China. More than 200 foreigners were killed. Hundreds of others were trapped in Beijing, the Chinese capital.

70
Q

What did many countries see the boxer rebellion as?

A

A chance to gain more land

71
Q

What did the Secretary of State Hay do about the Chinese mistreatment?

A

Secretary of State Hay sent another Open Door letter, urging all nations to respect China’s independence. Britain, France, and Germany officially accepted Hay’s letter. Fearing war, Japan and Russia quietly observed Hay’s policy.

72
Q

Why did the United States want an open door policy with China?

A

The United States wanted to increase trade with China, and Americans were concerned that other imperial powers would prevent the United States from reaching Chinese merchants.

8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) (57 decks)

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