U5L4 Division and Inequality

Question 1

How did farmers help in WW1?

Answer 1

During World War I, Europeans had bought American farm products, sending prices up. Farmers borrowed money to buy more land and tractors.

Question 2

How did farmers plan to pay off those loans after WW1?

Answer 2

They planned to pay off these loans with profits from increased production

Question 3

What happened once WW1 was over? How did this affect American farmers?

Answer 3

When the war ended, however, European farmers were again able to produce enough for their own needs. As a result, prices for American farm products dropped sharply throughout the 1920s. Farmers were unable to pay their debts. By the end of the decade, the farmers’ share of national income had shrunk by almost half.

Question 4

How was the relationship between labor unions and the government before WW1?

Answer 4

During the war, unions had worked with the government to keep production high. Labor’s cooperation contributed to victory. In return, union leaders expected the government to support labor.

Question 5

How was the relationship between labor unions and the government during WW1?

Answer 5

During the war, wages had not kept up with prices.

Question 6

How was the relationship between labor unions and the government after WW1?

Answer 6

Now, with the war over, workers demanded higher pay. When employers refused, unions launched a wave of strikes. Management moved quickly to crush the strikes. Because the government did not step in to help them, workers felt betrayed and management gained power.

Question 7

How did strikes affect the public’s view on labor?

Answer 7

The strikes turned much of the public against labor.

Question 8

How did the strike with the police in Boston shock the pu lie?

Answer 8

In 1919, the city of Boston fired 19 police officers who had tried to join the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Boston police struck in protest. The sight of police leaving their posts shocked the country.

Question 9

In one court case after another, judges limited the rights of unions. At the same time, employers created company unions. How were company unions affected?

Answer 9

As a result, membership in independent unions dropped from 5 million in 1920 to 3.4 million by 1929. Without strong unions, labor had little power to win higher wages.

Question 10

What are company unions?

Answer 10

labor organizations that were actually controlled by management

Question 11

How did the movement from farms and small towns to cities cause cultural clashes?

Answer 11

In the 1920s, cities drew thousands of people from farms and small towns. Those who stayed in rural areas often feared that new ways of life in the city were a threat to traditional values. Changes abroad also spurred nationwide worries about people with differing political views.

Question 12

What was one clash that happened on the small town of Dayton, Tennessee?

Answer 12

At the center of the controversy was Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin, a British scientist, had claimed that all life had evolved, or developed, from simpler forms over a long period of time.
While biologists accepted Darwin’s theory, some churches condemned it, saying it contradicted the teachings of the Bible. Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas passed laws that banned the teaching of Darwin’s theory.

Question 13

What was the Scopes trail?

Answer 13

While biologists accepted Darwin’s theory, some churches condemned it, saying it contradicted the teachings of the Bible. Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas passed laws that banned the teaching of Darwin’s theory. In 1925, John Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, taught evolution to his class. Scopes was arrested and tried.

Question 14

Who opposed of the Scopes trial?

Answer 14

Two of the nation’s best-known figures opposed each other in the Scopes trial. William Jennings Bryan, who had run for President three times, argued the state’s case against Scopes. Clarence Darrow, a Chicago lawyer who had helped unions and radicals, defended Scopes.

Question 15

Who won the Scopes trial?

Answer 15

Scopes was convicted and fined. The laws against teaching evolution were defeated, or overruled, in later years.

Question 16

During and after WW1, what caused Americans to be gradually weary of foreigners?

Answer 16

During World War I, Americans had been on the alert for enemy spies and sabotage, or the secret destruction of property or interference with work in factories.

Question 17

Wartime worries led to a growing fear of foreigners. How did the rise of communism increase this fear?

Answer 17

The rise of communism in the Soviet Union fanned that fear. Lenin, the communist leader, called on workers everywhere to overthrow their governments. Many Americans saw the strikes that swept the nation as the start of a communist revolution.

Question 18

Who were anarchists? What were their views?

Answer 18

people who oppose organized government

Question 19

Why did anarchists added to the sense of danger?

Answer 19

The actions of anarchists, or people who oppose organized government, added to the sense of danger. One group of anarchists plotted to kill well-known Americans, including John D. Rockefeller, the head of Standard Oil.

Question 20

Why did people attack all foreigners in America?

Answer 20

Because many anarchists were foreign-born, their attacks led to an outcry against all foreigners.

Question 21

Who are the people that the government call “reds”?

Answer 21

Anarchists and Communists

Question 22

What happened to many radicals and foreigners during the red scare?

Answer 22

During the red scare, thousands of radicals were arrested and jailed. Many foreigners were deported.

Question 23

Describe what happened during the Sacco and Vanzetti trial?

Answer 23

The trial of two Italian immigrants in Massachusetts came to symbolize the antiforeign feeling of the 1920s. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested for robbery and murder in 1920. The two men admitted being anarchists but insisted they had committed no crime. A jury convicted them, however. Sacco and Vanzetti were then sentenced to death.

Question 24

How did Americans view the trail of Sacco and Vanzetti?

Answer 24

The Sacco and Vanzetti trial created a furor across the nation. The evidence against the two men was limited. The judge was openly prejudiced against the two immigrants. Many Americans thought that Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted, not because they were guilty, but because they were immigrants and radicals.

Question 25

What did the Sacco and Vanzetti case show Americans?

Answer 25

The issue of whether Sacco and Vanzetti received a fair trial has been debated ever since. In the meantime, some Americans felt the case proved that the United States had to keep out dangerous radicals.

Question 26

Why did farmers’ share of national income shrink after the war?

Answer 26

Europeans were able to grow their own crops and produce enough for their needs, so the prices sharply dropped, which resulted in farmers not being able to pay off their own debt.

Question 27

Why did crop prices go up during World War I?

Answer 27

Europeans were buying American farm products.

Question 28

Why did labor unions go on strike?

Answer 28

to demand higher pay

Question 29

What was the Red Scare?

Answer 29

fear of communism in America

Question 30

After the war, millions of Europeans hoped to find a better life in the United States. Why did some Americans fear this?

Answer 30

American workers feared that too many newcomers would force wages down. Others worried that communists and anarchists would flood in.

Question 31

What did the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 do?

Answer 31

The act set up a quota system that allowed only a certain number of people from each country to enter the United States. Only 3 percent of the people in any national group already living in the United States in 1910 could be admitted.

Question 32

Why did did the quota system favor immigrants from Northern Europe, especially Britain?

Answer 32

In 1924, Congress passed new laws that further cut immigration, especially from eastern Europe, which was seen as a center of anarchism and communism. In addition, Japanese were added to the list of Asians denied entry to the country.

Question 33

Which countries were not included in the quota?

Answer 33

Latin Americans and Canadians

Question 34

Because Mexicans weren’t included in the quota, what did they continue doing? How did Mexican immigrants benefit some Americans?

Answer 34

As a result, Mexican immigrants continued to move to the United States. Farms and factories in the Southwest depended on Mexican workers. The pay was low, and the housing was poor. Still, immigrants were drawn by the chance to earn more money than they could at home. By 1930, a million or more Mexicans had crossed the border.

Question 35

What did the Jones Act of 1917 do?

Answer 35

The Jones Act of 1917 granted American citizenship to Puerto Ricans.

Question 36

Why did many Puerto Ricans migrate to the mainland?

1917

Answer 36

Poverty on the island led to a great migration to the north.

Question 37

After WW1, what did African Americans start doing?

Answer 37

As African American soldiers returned from serving their country in the war, they began demanding equal rights. This, along with the large African American migration to northern cities, led to heightened racial tension and race riots.

Question 38

What did the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People do?

Answer 38

NAACP organized to defend the rights of African Americans.

Question 39

There was a new KKK, how were they different from the old KKK?

Answer 39

The original Klan had used terror to keep African Americans from voting after the Civil War. The new Klan had a broader aim: to preserve the United States for white, native-born Protestants.

Question 40

Who did new KKK show prejudice towards?

Answer 40

African Americans
Immigrants
Catholic immigrants
Jewish immigrants

Question 41

What did the new KKK do to show their prejudice?

Answer 41

Klan members burned crosses outside people’s homes. They used whippings and lynchings to terrorize immigrants and African Americans. The Klan strongly supported efforts to limit immigration.

Question 42

Because of its large membership, the Klan gained political influence. Who did they lose that membership?

Answer 42

In the mid-1920s, however, many Americans became alarmed at the Klan’s growing power. At the same time, scandals surfaced that showed Klan leaders had stolen money from members. Klan membership dropped sharply.

Question 43

What was the Great migration?

Answer 43

The large-scale movement north of African Americans during the early to mid-1900s is known as the Great Migration.

Question 44

After the war, what jobs did African Americans take?

Answer 44

African Americans took factory jobs in Chicago, Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, and other large cities. They often found that the only jobs open to them were low-paying ones. Also, due to discrimination, there were only a few neighborhoods where landlords would rent apartments to African Americans.

Question 45

How did African Americans cope with the racism?

Answer 45

Marcus Garvey became one of the most popular African American leaders. He started the first widespread black nationalist movement in the United States. Garvey organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He hoped to promote unity and pride among African Americans. He believed that African Americans needed to rely on themselves rather than white people to get ahead.

Question 46

What did Marcus Garvey ask African Americans?

Answer 46

Garvey urged African Americans to seek their roots in Africa. Although few black Americans actually went to Africa, Garvey’s “Back to Africa” movement built racial pride.

Question 47

Election of 1928

Answer 47

The contrast between the candidates revealed the tensions lurking below the surface of American life. Smith, the grandson of Irish, Italian, and German immigrants, was the first Catholic to run for President. City dwellers, including many immigrants and Catholics, rallied around Smith. Hoover was a self-made millionaire from the Midwest who was respected for his management skill working to supply troops during World War I. He won votes from rural Americans and big business. Supporters of Prohibition also supported Hoover because Smith favored repeal.

In the election, Smith won the country’s 12 largest cities. Rural and small-town voters supported Hoover. He won by a landslide. Americans hoped Hoover would keep the country prosperous. Less than a year after he took office, however, the economy would come crashing down.

Question 48

What was Congress’s response to the fear of communists and anarchists coming to the country?

Answer 48

the Immigration Quota Act of 1921

Question 49

As a result of the Great Migration, what types of job did African Americans take and what hardships did they experience in the South?

Answer 49

African Americans worked in factories. These jobs were low-paying and most African Americans still struggled with discrimination as only a few neighborhoods had landlords who would rent to African Americans.

Question 50

What was the goal of the Universal Negro Improvement Association?

Answer 50

to promote unity and pride among African Americans