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8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) > U5L6 Roosevelt's New Deal > Flashcards

U5L6 Roosevelt's New Deal Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Roosevelt do in WW1?

A

During World War I, FDR served as assistant secretary of the navy.

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2
Q

Roosevelt got polio dude.

A

In the summer of 1921, Roosevelt was stricken with a severe case of polio. FDR’s legs were completely paralyzed. He struggled for years to rebuild his strength.

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3
Q

Roosevelt became president dude.

A

Roosevelt set a new tone right from the start. He broke with tradition by flying to the Democratic convention to accept the nomination in person. Standing before the delegates, he declared: “I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people.”
Roosevelt did not spell out what he meant by “a new deal.” Still, he sounded a hopeful note. In campaign speeches, he promised to help the jobless, poor farmers, and the elderly.

Voters responded to FDR’s confident manner and personal charm. On election day, he won a landslide victory. Democrats also gained many seats in Congress.

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4
Q

During his campaign for the presidency, FDR had sought advice on how to fight the Depression. Who did Roosevelt turn to?

A

He turned to a number of college professors who were experts on economic issues.

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5
Q

What were the experts that Roosevelt went to called?

A

They were nicknamed, Brain Trust

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6
Q

Who did Roosevelt chose to be the secretary of the interior?

A

Harold Ickes, a Republican reformer from Chicago

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7
Q

Who did Roosevelt chose to be secretary of labor?

A

Frances Perkins, who was a social worker

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8
Q

How was Perkins special?

Gender

A

She was the first woman to hold a Cabinet post

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9
Q

What was the first problem Roosevelt had to face?

A

The nations crumbling banking system

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10
Q

What was the bank holiday

A

He closed every bank in the country for four days. He then asked Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act.

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11
Q

What was the Banking Relief Act?

A

Under this act, only those banks with enough funds to meet depositors’ demands could reopen. Others had to stay closed.

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12
Q

How did Roosevelt talk to the Americans about the Bank Relief Act?

A

Through radio
…
FDR explained things so clearly, said humorist Will Rogers, that even the bankers understood the situation. Reassured by the President, depositors returned their money to banks, and the banking system grew stronger.

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13
Q

What were fireside chats?

A

He spoke from a chair near a fireplace in the White House. All across the nation, families gathered around their radios to listen to Roosevelt. Many felt the President understood their problems.

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14
Q

How many radio speeches did Roosevelt give?

A

30

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15
Q

Between March 9 and June 16, 1933, Congress passed a record ___ major new laws.

A

15

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16
Q

What was the “New Deal”?

A

The bills covered programs from job relief to planning for economic recovery. Together, they made up Roosevelt’s New Deal.

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17
Q

What were the three main goals of the “New Deal”?

A
  1. Relief for the jobless
  2. Plans for economic recovery
  3. Reforms to prevent another depression
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18
Q

What was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

A

The CCC hired unemployed single men between the ages of 18 and 25. For $1 a day, they planted trees, built bridges, worked on flood-control projects, and developed new parks.

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19
Q

What was the double purpose of CCC?

A

It conserved natural resources, and it gave jobs to young people.

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20
Q

What is the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)?

A

It gave federal money to state and local agencies. These agencies then distributed the money to the unemployed.

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21
Q

What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

A

The WPA put the jobless to work making clothes and building hospitals, schools, parks, playgrounds, and airports. The WPA also hired artists, photographers, actors, writers, and composers. Artists painted murals on public buildings.

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22
Q

What was the Federal Theater?

A

The Federal Theatre put on new plays for adults and children, as well as classics by such writers as Shakespeare.

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23
Q

What did the critics accuse WPA of?

A

creating make-work projects that did little to benefit the nation in the long run. “People don’t eat in the long run,” replied a New Dealer. “They eat every day.”

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24
Q

What disease caused great personal challenges for Roosevelt?

A

Polio

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25
Q

What was the first issue Roosevelt addressed once in office?

A

the nation’s crumbling banking system

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26
Q

What were the three main goals of the New Deal?

A

relief for the jobless, plans for economic recovery, and reforms to prevent another depression

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27
Q

What was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)?

A

Under this law, each industry wrote a code, or set of rules and standards, for production, wages, prices, and working conditions. The NIRA tried to end price cutting and worker layoffs.

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28
Q

What is the National Recovery Administration (NRA)?

A

To enforce the new codes, Congress set up the National Recovery Administration (NRA). Companies that followed the NRA codes stamped a blue eagle on their products.

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29
Q

What did the government encourage people to do when it came to business and people?

A

The government encouraged people to do business only with companies displaying the NRA eagle.

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30
Q

What trouble did that NRA run into?

A

Many companies ignored the codes. Also, small businesses felt that the codes favored the biggest firms.

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31
Q

The NIRA also set up the Public Works Administration (PWA). What was the PWA?

A

It promoted recovery by hiring workers for thousands of public works projects. PWA workers built projects such as the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington, public schools in Los Angeles, two aircraft carriers for the navy, and a deep-water port in Brownsville, Texas.

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32
Q

Did PWA bring recovery?

A

They did little to bring about recovery

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33
Q

On farms, what was the main problems that causes overproduction?

A

Surpluses kept prices and farmer’s incomes low.

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34
Q

What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

A

Under the AAA, the government paid farmers not to grow certain crops. Roosevelt hoped that with smaller harvests, the laws of supply and demand would force prices to rise.
The government also paid farmers to plow surplus crops under the soil and to destroy surplus cows and pigs.

35
Q

Why were people made at the AAA? Did they change the plan?

A

Many Americans were outraged that crops and livestock were being destroyed when people in the cities were going hungry. Yet, the plan seemed necessary to help farmers recover and keep them growing food.

36
Q

What was the Rural Electrification Administration (REA)?

A

REA was created to help people in rural areas get the same electrical service as people in urban areas. The REA provided money to extend electric lines to rural areas.

37
Q

Because of the REA, what is the percentage of farmers with electricity? Compare this with the number before.

A

The number of farms with electricity rose from 10 percent to 25 percent.

38
Q

How did electricity help farmers?

A

Electricity helped save many farms from ruin. For example, with refrigeration, dairy farmers did not have to worry about milk going sour before it could be sent to market.

39
Q

What was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)’s goal?

A

It set out to remake the Tennessee River Valley.

40
Q

Why did the TVA want to rebuild the Tennessee River Valley?

A

This vast region often suffered from terrible floods. Because the farmland was so poor, more than half the region’s families were on relief.

41
Q

Describe the process of the TVA.

A

To control flooding, TVA engineers built 49 dams in seven states. The dams also produced cheap electric power. In addition to building dams, the TVA deepened river channels for shipping. It planted new forests to conserve soil and developed new fertilizers to improve farmland. The agency also set up schools and health centers.

42
Q

What did critics say about the TVA?

A

Critics argued that the government had no right to take business away from private companies in the region.

43
Q

Why were power companies outraged by the TVA?

A

They pointed out that the government, which did not have to make a profit for shareholders, could supply electrical power more cheaply than a private company could. Having to compete with the government, they said, might force them out of business.

44
Q

What did supporters of the TVA say?

A

Supporters replied that the TVA showed how the government could use its resources to help private enterprise.

45
Q

What was did the TVA help with?

A

In the end, the program helped transform a region of desperate poverty into a prosperous and productive area.

46
Q

What was the Truth-in-Securities Act?

A

The Truth-in-Securities Act was designed to end the risky buying and selling of stocks in the hope of making a quick profit.

47
Q

What was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FBIC)?

A

It insured depositors’ accounts in banks approved by the government. If a bank insured by the FDIC failed, the government would make sure depositors received their money.

48
Q

What reforms they the New Deals bring?

A

Laws regulated gas and electric companies.

49
Q

What was the National Labor Relations Act, or Wagner Act?

A

The Wagner Act protected American workers from hostile management practices, such as firing a worker for joining a union. It also guaranteed workers the right to collective bargaining.

50
Q

What is the definition of collective bargaining?

A

the process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract.

51
Q

How did the Wagner Act benefit Unions?

A

The Wagner Act helped union membership grow from 3 million to 9 million during the 1930s. Union membership got a further boost when John L. Lewis set up the Congress of Industrial Organizations. With more members, unions increased their bargaining power. They also became a powerful force in politics.

52
Q

What was the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)?

A

The CIO represented workers in whole industries, such as steel, automobiles, and textiles.

53
Q

Despite the Wagner Act, employers tried to stop workers from joining unions. What actions form workers resulted from this?

A

Violent confrontations often resulted. Workers then tried a new strategy. At the Goodyear Tire Factory in Akron, Ohio, workers staged a sit-down strike. They stopped all machines and refused to leave the factory until Goodyear recognized their union. The tactic worked. Workers at other factories made use of sit-down strikes until the Supreme Court outlawed them in 1939.

54
Q

What was a sit-down strike?

A

They stopped all machines and refused to leave the factory until Goodyear recognized their union.

55
Q

In the 1930s, the United States was the only major industrial nation that did not have a formal pension program. What was a pension?

A

A pension is a sum of money paid to people on a regular basis after they retire.

56
Q

What was the social security act? What was the first part of the law?

A

First, it set up a system of pensions for older people. Payments from employers and employees supported this system.

57
Q

What was the second part of the social security act?

A

Second, the new act set up the nation’s first system of unemployment insurance. People who lost their jobs received small payments until they found work again.

58
Q

What was the third part of the social security act?

A

Third, the act gave states money to support dependent children and people with disabilities.

59
Q

What did some liberals say about the social security act?

A

Some liberals pointed out that it did not include farm workers, domestic servants, or the self-employed—many of whom were women or members of minority groups.

60
Q

How did some conservatives see the social security act?

A

Some conservatives saw Social Security as another way for the government to take money away from people who had jobs.

61
Q

How did some other people see the social security act?

A

Others saw it as an unacceptable expansion of the role of government.

62
Q

Did the social security act last?

A

Despite these attacks, the Social Security system survived and expanded over the years. Today, it provides medical benefits and pensions to older Americans, as well as unemployment insurance to workers.

63
Q

What did many people think contributed to the stock market crash of 1929?

A

uncontrolled buying and selling of stocks

64
Q

Which two areas of production did Roosevelt know he had to boost in order to bring about recovery?

A

farming and banking

65
Q

What was Social Security developed to do?

A

set up a pension for older people, relief for the unemployed, and support for dependent children of the state and those with disabilities

66
Q

What did Senator Huey Long of Louisiana think of the New Deal?

A

Long believed that the New Deal had not gone far enough to help the poor. Long wanted heavy taxes on the rich.

67
Q

What did Reformer Francis Townsend, a California doctor, think of the New Deal?

A

He claimed the government had turned its back on older citizens. Townsend wanted everyone over age 60 to get a pension of $200 a month. People receiving the pension would have to retire, thus freeing up a job for someone else. They would also agree to spend the pension money at once to boost the economy.

68
Q

What did many conservatives think of the New Deal?

A

They did not like the government intervention in business, banking, the stock market, or in the lives of individuals.

69
Q

What was the Liberty League made up of?

A

big names in industry and finance, including the DuPont family and Alfred P. Sloan of General Motors

70
Q

What was the goal of the Liberty League?

A

to combat the New Deal

71
Q

What did the Liberty League accuse Roosevelt of? Did their rebellion work?

A

Abusing power and suggested that the New Deal was based on a socialist agenda. The government, they warned, was taking away basic American freedoms. In the end, the Liberty League lacked political savvy and ended up angering many Americans while alienating many of Roosevelt’s other critics.

72
Q

The Supreme Court ruled both the NIRA and the Agriculture Adjustment Act unconstitutional and many other New Deal laws, Why?

A

The Supreme Court ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional. The NIRA, the Court ruled, gave too much power to the President and to the federal government. A year later, the Court struck down the Agricultural Adjustment Act. Then, it overturned eight other New Deal laws on constitutional grounds.

73
Q

After Roosevelt was re-elected, why did he change the federal courts? How did he change it?

A

He called for raising the number of Justices on the Supreme Court from 9 to 15. The change would make it possible for him to appoint six new Justices who supported his programs.

74
Q

What did people think about Roosevelt trying the change the federal courts?

A

Both supporters and critics of the New Deal accused him of trying to “pack” the Court with Justices who supported his views. They saw his move as a threat to the principle of separation of powers. For six months, the President fought for his plan. Even his allies in Congress deserted him. Finally, he withdrew his proposal.

75
Q

After being deserted of this federal court plan, what happened to the New Deal laws that were seen as unconstitutional?

A

Still, in the end, Roosevelt got the Supreme Court majority he wanted without a battle. One Justice who had voted against many New Deal laws changed his views. Another retired. Roosevelt filled his place with a new Justice who was favorable to his programs.

76
Q

With the new deal the federal government grew in size and power. Why did this concern people?

A

They complained that the government was intruding in people’s lives, threatening both individual freedoms and private property. These critics called for a return to the traditional policy of laissez faire—the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy.

77
Q

Critics expressed alarm because the government was spending more than it took in. Why was this a problem?

A

This practice of deficit spending was creating a huge increase in the national debt.

78
Q

Finally, despite its vast spending, the New Deal had not achieved its major goal—ending the depression. When did the economic depression evilly end?

A

In fact, full economic recovery did not come until 1941. (This recovery was partly the result of increased U.S. production for nations fighting in World War II)

79
Q

What did the supports of the New Deal argue?

A

Supporters of the New Deal noted that FDR had steered the nation through the worst days of the depression. New Deal legislation had ended the banking crisis, protected farmers, and created work for millions of unemployed.

Supporters also argued that the government had a responsibility to use its power to help all of its citizens, not just businesses and the wealthy. Programs such as Social Security, New Dealers said, were necessary for national survival.

Most important of all, supporters argued, the New Deal had saved the nation’s democratic system. Elsewhere in the world, people were turning to dictators to lead them out of hard times. President Roosevelt, on the other hand, restored the nation to economic health while preserving its democracy.

80
Q

Why did the Supreme Court challenge the National Industrial Recovery Act?

A

The justices thought it gave too much power to the president.

81
Q

What major goal did the New Deal fail to achieve?

A

ending the Great Depression

82
Q

What was the main promise Roosevelt made in 1932 election that helped him win?

A

He promised to help the jobless, poor farmers, and the elderly.

83
Q

Senator Huey Long adopted the motto “Share Our Wealth” during the Great Depression. To what does this refer?

A

Collecting heavier taxes from the rich

84
Q

Why was Roosevelt upset when the Supreme Court started ruling parts of the New Deal unconstitutional?

A

He felt both the New Deal and his ability to lead the nation were threatened

8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) (57 decks)

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