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Kine 1020 > Type 1 Diabetes - Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes - Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Different names for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Pissing Evil Disease

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2
Q

Why was it called The Pissing Evil

A

Urine tasted sweet and frequent urination

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3
Q

Before insulin how long did one have to live if diagnosed with Type 1

A

1 Year; 100% of people died

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4
Q

When and where was insulin made?

A

1922 and UofT

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5
Q

What were symptoms seen with Type 1

A
  • Sweet Smelling Breath (ketone byproduct)
  • Weight Loss
  • Sweet Urine
  • Coma, Death
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6
Q

Why was Insulin Canada’s most important discovery

A

Won Canada a nobel prize

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7
Q

How much was the patent sold for?

A

1 dollar as a gift to medicine.

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8
Q

Who were the 4 that made this happen?

A

Frederick Banting, Charlie Best, Macleod and James Collip

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9
Q

Banting

A

Surgeon at UofT came up with idea after seeing lecture on diabetes.

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10
Q

How did Banting use animals to figure out insulin?

A

He made dogs diabetic and tried to extract chemical from pancreas of other donor dogs to see if it could treat the diabetic dog.

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11
Q

Charlie Best

A

Medical student who helped Banting discover insulin.

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12
Q

Who was Mcleod?

A

The supervisor who allowed Banting and Best to use his lab and discover insulin in it.

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13
Q

James Collip

A

He helped them with carefully isolating the hormone that was needed from the pancreas to get a pure extract for humans.

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14
Q

Who was the first thing/animal to get cured of diabetes

A

Marjorie

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15
Q

Who was Leonard Thompson

A

14 year old boy in 1921 diagnosed with Juvenille diabetes, a whole year later he was injected with Toronto insulin and it saved his life.

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16
Q

What’s the phenotype if you have no insulin in your body?

A

Skinny bone, no muscle mass or fat mass. Stunted growth and frailty.

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17
Q

How did Leonard live before insulin?

A

Eating 450 cals a day and mild exercise; but blood sugar was still high

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18
Q

Where did doctors get the insulin from when they needed more and more?

A

From beef and pork; but now synthesized in labs.

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19
Q

Who did the Nobel Committee decide to initially give the prize to?

A

Frederick Banting and Macleod

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20
Q

What happened to Best and Collip?

A

Did not get anything out of it.

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21
Q

Why did Banting punch Best?

A

Fighting over a nobel prize

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22
Q

How did they split the prize money?

A

Banting shared his half to Best and Macleod shared his half to Collip

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23
Q

Is Insulin a cure?

A

Not necessarily a cure as it’s more of a controller that needs to be injected every day.

24
Q

What is the definition of Type 1?

A

Autoimmune-based metabolic disease that required insulin to live.

25
Q

What age is Type 1 most common in?

A

Around teenage age

26
Q

Are the genetic and environmental triggers for Type 1 known?

A

Unknown but certain ethnicities are more likely to be exposed to it.

27
Q

What happens to the body when afflicted with Type 1?

A

Autoimmune system destroys beta cells because it sees them as foreign invaders.

28
Q

Process (reasons) of how Type 1 Develops

A

50% Genetic susceptibility to Type 1 & 50% Environmental Triggers

29
Q

What are the Environmental Triggers?

A

Not sure if there is one single trigger; may be multiple different triggers.

30
Q

Identical Twin studies show what about Type 1

A

If one twin has type 1 then the other twin has a 50% chance of having it as well.

31
Q

What are the HLA proteins?

A

It’s a protein specific to that cell that the immune system won’t attack. It’s on all cells.

32
Q

What becomes of the HLA Protein with Type 1

A

It becomes a protein that isn’t specific to the cell which allows it become under attack by the immune cells.

33
Q

Recognition cells? What do they with Type 1?

A

Recognition cells are your T-cells looking for viruses and think that the b cells associated with type 1 are invaders and attack.

34
Q

Catabolism or Anabolism

A

Body goes into catabolism when insulin isn’t available it just keeps breaking the glucose into the bloodstream.

35
Q

How does insulin work?

A

Takes glucose from blood stream and interstitial space and pushes it into cells.

36
Q

Insulin and the receptor

A

Insulin is a key for the receptor to open the glucose channel.

37
Q

What will too much insulin cause?

A

Causes you to get heavier with low blood sugar because its anabolic.

38
Q

GLUT 4 Translocater

A

Where glucose enters through to get to cell.

39
Q

What happens to the GLUT 4 with Type 1

A

It does not open because of no insulin production.

40
Q

How many times should you take insulin?

A

3 times once after each meal particularly.

41
Q

Basal Insulin

A

Your insulin while sleeping and at rest. Need to take insulin for overnight too.

42
Q

What happens to life expectancy when blood sugar always peaks at a significantly high level

A

Life expectancy starts to decrease due to cell exposure to toxic levels of glucose.

43
Q

Is low blood sugar bad for long term as well?

A

Immediately dangerous as it can cause delayed reactions, fainting and death.

44
Q

Where does Riddell have to work on his blood sugar?

A

Before and after midnight

45
Q

Benefits of an Insulin Pump

A

Can normalize life
- Don’t need to use needles it will apply insulin whenever it feels like its the right time to use it.

46
Q

Is exercise good for driving blood sugar down?

A

It helps the effects of insulin to drive blood sugar down but too much can cause hypoglycemia.

47
Q

What effects does exercise have overnight on blood sugar

A

Causes blood sugar to dip again in the middle of the night

48
Q

What happens to glucose when doing endurance

A

It will cause glucose levels to drop

49
Q

What happens with explosive exercise?

A

Blood sugar goes up because of cortisol and increased stress

50
Q

What does HIIT Training or Resistance Training do to blood sugar?

A

It levels out glucose levels as it’s a bit of anaerobic and aerobic.

51
Q

The worse your blood sugar is the more you will die prematurely. What are some possible effects on the body that might allow for this?

A

Failing Kidneys, Blindness, Neuropathy, Microalbuminuria (urinating protein)

52
Q

HbA1c test?

A

Measures blood sugar levels to see if they have diabetes; highly recommended to pregnant females to check for gestational diabetes.

53
Q

Islet Transplant?

A

Surgically harvest the insulin producing cells of the islets of langerhaans and surgically infuse them into the portal vein of the person with Type 1

54
Q

Why doesn’t the transplant last long?

A

Because Type 1 is an autoimmune disease so the immune systems will recognize islets as invader cells.

55
Q

What surgical procedure is better? Artificial Pancreas or Islet Transplantation

A

Islet transplantation as it keeps the sugar very heavily controlled in the 5-9 range.

Kine 1020 (43 decks)

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