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Kine 1020 > Pre Diabetes & Type 2 Diabetes - Lecture 24 > Flashcards

Pre Diabetes & Type 2 Diabetes - Lecture 24 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Main Subtypes of Diabetes

A

Type 1, 2, Gestational Diabetes and Secondary Diabetes.

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2
Q

Type 1 Diabetes old names

A

Insulin Dependent, Juvenile-onset (not true anymore)

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3
Q

Type 2 Names old names

A

Adult-onset, Non-insulin dependent (not true anymore)

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4
Q

What is Secondary Diabetes

A

Side effects of medication.

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5
Q

What is the most common trait amongst the 4 diabetes

A

They all mean high blood sugar

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6
Q

What is the most common type of diabetes

A

Type 2 (90% of cases)

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7
Q

What’s does the term diabetes mean in latin

A

Sugar in the urine

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8
Q

What does pre-diabetes mean

A

Not diabetes, but having symptoms correlating to it.

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9
Q

What percent of Canadians are living with diabetes

A

30% (Most Type 2 and pre-diabetic)

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10
Q

How much does diabetes cost Canada/yr

A

3.8 Billion/yr destroying health care systems.

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11
Q

What is causing the expensiveness

A

The symptoms that come with diabetes, not the diabetes itself.

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12
Q

What are some symptoms of diabetes

A

Blindness, Kidney failure, nerve damage, etc.

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13
Q

What are the 2 key factors associated with developing T2D amongst males and females

A

Age and Ethnicity

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14
Q

Why is age a factor?

A

The risk of getting it increases exponentially as you age.

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15
Q

How is ethnicity a factor?

A

The genetics you have may predispose you and environment you’re placed in.

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16
Q

Does Diabetes reduce life expectancy?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Does Duration of disease predict mortality

A

No

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18
Q

Compared to Europeans what risk do Asians, South Asians and Carribeans have for Diabetes

A

Much higher risk for the ethnicities and ages listed

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19
Q

What about BMI and Diabetes Risk

A

Predicts some of the risk, but not all. Cutoffs for BMI are different for every ethnicity is different so risk is higher for some.

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20
Q

Estimated Risk of Developing Diabetes if born in 2000

A

32.8% Males and 38.5% Females in the US

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21
Q

Individuals diagnosed with diabetes have reduction in life expectancy. True or False?

A

True; but decrease in life expectancy depends on when you’ve been diagnosed with it.

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22
Q

Symptoms of T2D

A
  • Central Obesity (Excess Visceral Fat)
  • Unexplained weight loss (catabolization of glucose)
  • Frequent Urination
  • Thirst
  • Fatigue
  • Frequent Infection (risk goes up)
  • Blurred Vision
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23
Q

Risk Factors for T2D

A
  • Previous Prediabetes
  • Overweight
  • 45+ years of age
  • Physical Inactive
  • Family with T2D
  • Had Gestational Diabetes or birth of a large baby
24
Q

Difference between HbA1c and Oral Glucose Test

A

HbA1c does not require fasting prior to taking the test

25
Q

How does HbA1c Test work?

A

Checks your Hb molecule for sugar coated on it. More sugar coating means more sugar in bloodstream

26
Q

How does Oral Glucose Test work

A

Prick finger, check blood then drink juice and check after several minutes.

27
Q

What is normal blood sugar on the HbA1c test?

A

Below 5.7%

28
Q

What is pre diabetic number on HbA1c test?

A

Between 5.7-6.4%

29
Q

What is diabetic number on HbA1c test?

A

6.5% and higher

30
Q

What number on the oral glucose test confirms Diabetes

A

> 11.1 mM

31
Q

Is the Oral Glucose Test the Gold Standard?

A

Yes; best for diagnosis but takes some time.

32
Q

What does your glucose levels during fasting have to be to determine diabetes?

A

7.0 mmol/L

33
Q

What does random glucose have to be in order to possibly have diabetes?

A

If glucose is randomly 11.1 then should get a proper check

34
Q

How does T2D work?

A
  • It makes the body insulin resistance (body resists the insulin it makes)
  • Insulin sensitivity
35
Q

Key and Lock Mechanism T2D

A

You have a lot of keys but none of them work on the door (insulin receptor)

36
Q

Do people with T2D immediately start with insulin injections?

A

No; they take oral medications at first to improve the insulin getting into the receptor

37
Q

Why do T2D patients take insulin later in life

A

Body starts to become insulin sensitive, so not enough insulin gets produced to fight the insulin resistance

38
Q

Summary: What are the two problems that need to be fixed for T2D

A

Make enough insulin for signalling and make more doors to let glucose in.

39
Q

What does exercise do for the two problems

A

Increases the likelihood of repairing the problem

40
Q

What are the purpose of the plaques that develop in the pancreas in T2D

A

They cause insulin secretion to decrease; as well as stimulate the over production of the hormone glucagon

41
Q

How can we fight back against T2D

A

Start to exercise and eat healthy when your insulin levels start to decrease.

42
Q

What are the levels of insulin production, resistance and glucose production like for someone with pre-diabetes

A

Insulin resistance starts to increase, insulin production peaks and decreases, and glucose production starts to increase.

43
Q

Can you reverse the conditions of someone in pre-diabetes

A

Yes; but once T2D its significantly harder to bring them back to normal.

44
Q

What is the insulin production like for a healthy individual after a meal

A

After a meal theres a high release of insulin and then after a while a second smaller release for anything you eat after the meal.

45
Q

What is insulin production like for an early T2D or late T2D

A

Insulin is hardly produced after the meal but produced for second phase. For late insulin first phase and second phase are skipped.

46
Q

Why is best to push A1C% levels down

A

Increase in A1C is related to pre-mature risk for co-morbidities

47
Q

T2D develops in multiple organs

A

There are several organs that actually contribute to the development of T2D

  • Intestines
  • Neurotransmitter dysfunction
  • Pancreas (increased glucagon and decreased insulin)
  • Muscle uptake decreases
  • Lipid in bloodstream make insulin more resistance
  • Increase uptake of glucose in kidneys
48
Q

New England Journal Study on T2D

A

Took 3234 people living with pre-diabetes and randomized them to take a sugar pill, metformin, and change lifestyle

49
Q

What is Metformin?

A

It works on the liver to make it less responsive to glucagon. Good with people who have T2D.

50
Q

What did the study show?

A

Risk of developing T2D with lifestyle interventions was less compared to people who took Metformin or the placebo.

51
Q

How much of a risk reduction was there in this group?

A

68% risk reduction

52
Q

How can we manage T2D if we’re living with it

A
  • Weight loss (caloric restriction; less simple carbs)
  • Exercise Training (if weight loss doesn’t occur)
  • Blood Sugar Monitoring
  • Diabetes medications including insulin therapy
53
Q

How many different medications are there for T2D?

A

12

54
Q

Why are there so many medications for T2D

A

Because multiple organs are adding to blood sugar, so different medications target different organs.

55
Q

What did DARE Trials Study show with exercise decreasing A1C levels

A

A combination of both aerobic and resistance decreased A1C levels.

Kine 1020 (43 decks)

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