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Kine 1020 > Infectious Disease - Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Infectious Disease - Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What does SARS stand for?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

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2
Q

What is SARS?

A

It’s a type of coronavirus

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3
Q

Why were the phases of the Toronto SARS Outbreak fluctuating?

A

Waves of infection were caused by weather and variants of mutation

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4
Q

How is Influenza Virus named?

A

With an H and N (molecules on the virus)

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5
Q

What did Influenza virus help us realize?

A

Infectious disease can arise from other things like animals and spread to humans.

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6
Q

What caused infectious disease mortality risk to drop?

A

Vaccines that helped slow viruses down but not bacteria

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7
Q

Sanitation improvement

A

Fought against bacteria and lowered mortality risk

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8
Q

Because of movement in WW1 sanitation was terrible, causing Spanish Flu. What did this lead to?

A

Spike in mortality risk

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9
Q

By how much per 100,000 cases did people die of infectious disease?

A

50 to 339 from 2019 to 2020 respectively

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10
Q

What is a Rnot

A

How many people an infected person can spread a infectious pathogen to

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11
Q

Rnaught of 1?

A

One infected person infects one person

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12
Q

Exponential growth

A

Rnaught has an exponential growth so the bigger rnaught is the more people get infected

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13
Q

Close contact with livestock

A

Livestock may have disease and can spread it to you

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14
Q

If you already have a disease and then get infected with a virus?

A

Increases your risk for mortality even more.

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15
Q

Symptoms of respiratory virus

A

Fever, Dry Cough, Fatigue, Shortness of breath

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16
Q

Why is fever a good thing?

A

Fever is showing that your body is fighting; it’s having an inflammatory response to fight it off.

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17
Q

Why is Covid-19 in water droplets good?

A

Because limitation of spread is limited to 6-8 feet. If airborne where virus can survive in air, it would be bad.

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18
Q

How did we act to fight off virus

A

Quarantine and isolate at home

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19
Q

What is isolation?

A

Separates sicks with contagious disease from those not sick.

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20
Q

What was unique about the Black Death

A

It was a bacteria infection; sanitation was poor which allowed it to kill

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21
Q

What is Covid’s global death marker

A

7th

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22
Q

Who was most affected by smallpox

A

Kids in the fall and winter; it was seasonal.

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23
Q

Variola Virus

A

Small pox virus which would affect skin and respiratory system

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24
Q

MMR Vaccine

A

Dropped measles cases

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25
Q

Understanding balance of risk with benefit

A

Taking vaccine or not

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26
Q

Anti-vax protest getting more momentum

A

Measles cases are increasing because of this recently

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27
Q

How does a vaccine work?

A

Primes your immune system to fight off the infection the next time it comes around.

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28
Q

How do Immune cells prepare to fight

A

Take the mRNA into cell and creates a spike protein which tells them where to find the virus and kill.

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29
Q

Disease or Syndrome

A

Pathological condition of the body; named based on symptoms

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30
Q

Infectious disease

A

Disease caused by an infectious agent (Know what caused the symptoms)

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31
Q

Can you take a vaccine for a bacterial infection?

A

No

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32
Q

Antibiotics for Viral Infection

A

No

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33
Q

When an infectious agent enters the body and reproduces; can lead to disease

A

Infection

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34
Q

Protozoa

A

Organism in food

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35
Q

Pathogen

A

Infectious agent

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36
Q

What’s carrying the pathogen

A

Host

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37
Q

How quick the infectious agent can spread

A

Virulence

38
Q

Do Bacteria respond to antiviral medication

A

No, only antibiotics

39
Q

Antiviral medication

A

Used to fight off viruses specifically

40
Q

What are prions

A

Found in cow’s bone marrow; causes mad cow’s disease and they’re impossible to kill

41
Q

Pathogens give you a symptom and it leads to recovery, survive infected or die.

A

Summary of how pathogens work

42
Q

What hosts do viruses infect

A

Animals, plants, bacteria, usually a specific tissue

43
Q

What hosts do bacteria infect

A

Animal & plants, and affect the organism entirely.

44
Q

How are viruses different than bacteria in the way they reproduce

A

Uses DNA/RNA of host to reproduce while bacteria has it’s own DNA to reproduce.

45
Q

Which is bigger?

A

Bacteria

46
Q

Where do bacteria get their energy when reproduing?

A

Takes energy from cells of the host.

47
Q

Surface proteins of Influenza allow the infection to do what?

A

The H’s and N’s; that allow virus to get in and out of the cell.

48
Q

Antigen?

A

Surface proteins are markers to let your immune system know there is a foreign invader.

49
Q

H1N1; what do the 1’s indicate?

A

Influenza; what subtype of H and N proteins is on the surface.

50
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

Allows virus to enter host cell

51
Q

Neuraminidase

A

Allows virus to escape host cell

52
Q

How can you check the virulence of H’s and N’s

A

Based on Rnaught

53
Q

Does Covid have surface proteins?

A

Yes, spike proteins not H’s and N’s

54
Q

SARS mutated to give what main symptom?

A

Severe respiratory issue

55
Q

What part does a bacteria have that a virus doesn’t to make it move

A

Flagella

56
Q

Why was black death not possible to fix

A

It was a bacteria; no sanitation and antibiotics

57
Q

How does antiviral medication work

A

Block surface proteins of viruses from replicating

58
Q

Who discovered antibiotics

A

Alexander Flemming’s and his moldy bread

59
Q

Bacteria that are antibiotic resistant

A

MRSA, C. difficile, CRE, and VRE

60
Q

MRSA

A

staph bacteria passed through touch; found in medical equipment

61
Q

C. difficile

A

In human feces, and passed through touching infected surface and touching mouth

62
Q

CRE

A

Bowel and feces; in patients using ventilators, urinary catheters.

63
Q

VRE

A

In intestines and female genital tract; spread through touch

64
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Bacterial infection spreads into bloodstream

65
Q

Why should you take all your antibiotics

A

Because you want to kill every single bad bacteria or else it will become resistant to it.

66
Q

What is the best barrier of protection from disease

A

Skin

67
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Apart of immune system; helps drain lymph which is made of WBC’s into bloodstream

68
Q

Swollen Lymph Nodes

A

Means it can be infected

69
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Processes WBC and creates inflammation when there is an infection

70
Q

Thymus gland

A

Located in the neck, creates T cells

71
Q

What do leukocytes look for when hunting viruses and bacteria

A

Antigens

72
Q

Macrophages take the antigen of engulfed invader and use it to track other invaders with the same antigen

A

Special Property

73
Q

What happens when you get a wound.

A

Mast cells releases histamine increasing bloodflow

74
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Causes inflammation so capillaries leak and release phagocytes; also alerts immune system to mobilize

75
Q

What do the phagocytes do once released?

A

Engulfs the bacteria, dead cells and debris

76
Q

How is the wound sealed?

A

Platelets move out of capillary to seal wound.

77
Q

Why is histamine commonly released?

A

Allergic reaction

78
Q

Too much histamine is bad as it can cause a terrible response

A

Amount of histamine

79
Q

What are signs of inflammatory response?

A

Swelling, redness, heat, histamine causing blood vessels to dilate

80
Q

What would happen if histamine response was too high?

A

Can go into respiratory failure because of overactive immune response

81
Q

What are the two groups of immune cell responses

A

Innate and Adaptive

82
Q

Macrophages, Mast Cells, Neutrophils, Basophils, Natural Killer Cells. (Born with these)

A

Innate Immune Cells

83
Q

Body adapts/acquires them (T Cells, B cells)

A

Adaptive/Acquired Immune Cells

84
Q

Why do B cells and T cells need to be made every time there’s a new infection

A

Because if the invader comes back but with different antigens, you need to have new T cells and B cells to fight them.

85
Q

A non-specific defense that acts immediately after exposure

A

Innate Immunity

86
Q

What are the main WBC’s in the non-specific defense fighting?

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

87
Q

What do the Neutrophils and Macrophages do after fighting invader?

A

Calls in “special forces” which are the acquired immunity cells like antibodies to remember the invader.

88
Q

What are B cells?

A

Made in bone, produce antibodies once recognizing a specific antigen

89
Q

Why are B cells double edged?

A

It only responds to virus of a specific antigen, so when mutation occurs the antibodies it produces won’t work. Hence, vaccines needed.

90
Q

T cells have two sub cells

A

CD8 (supressor and killer) and CD4 (helper T-cell) primarily used in killing

91
Q

Helper T cells are called in by macrophages and alert Killer T and B cells. T cells kill infected body cells and B cells produce antibodies that attack to virus so macrophages can destroy

A

Summary of Acquired Cells Job

Kine 1020 (43 decks)

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