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Kine 1020 > Cancer - Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Cancer - Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the leading cause of death in 2007?

A

Cancer; it surpassed cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

Most three common diseases in Canada

A

1) Heart Disease
2) Diabetes
3) Cancer

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3
Q

Rates of Lung Cancer

A

On the decline because smoking rates down

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4
Q

What is cancer?

A

Out of control growth of cells spreading into new areas of the body

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5
Q

What percentages of cancers are preventable and how?

A

50% of cancers are preventable through change in lifestyle

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6
Q

What’s different about these new cells that are growing?

A

No longer behave like the original host cell.

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7
Q

Malignant?

A

Cancerous cells

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8
Q

Benign

A

Non-cancerous cells

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9
Q

Characteristics of Benign Tumours

A

Slow growing; non-invading cells

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10
Q

Characteristics of Malignant Tumours

A

Grow fast or slow; spread to other organs and tissues

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11
Q

Metastasese?

A

Spreading of the cancer cells

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12
Q

Can Benign Tumours Metastasize?

A

No; they stay in their own capsule. If it spreads it’s cancer.

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13
Q

The medical term for cancer

A

Malignant Neoplasm

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14
Q

Malignant Neoplasm?

A

Growth and spread of abnormal cells that don’t look like regular cells.

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15
Q

How is the type of cancer named?

A

Cancer is named based on where the neoplasm (abnormal cancerous cells) originated from not where it spread to.

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16
Q

Most common cancers that metastasize?

A

Lung, colorectal, breast and prostate.

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17
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

Growth of cells in localized area. Not yet considered cancer, but it’s caused by mutation.

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18
Q

What is Mutation?

A

When something goes wrong when cells replicate

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19
Q

What is Atypical Hyperplasia?

A

Very unusual hyperplasia; a second mutation

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20
Q

Point Mutation?

A

A certain trigger for that mutation; smoking, drinking, etc.

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21
Q

Does Atypical Hyperplasia mean cancer?

A

Not yet cancer, but pretty close.

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22
Q

Carcinoma

A

Basically another term for saying cancer under the microscope

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23
Q

Carcinoma in Situ?

A

Cells are contained; no longer look like host cell and can become cancerous.

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24
Q

Can you do anything at the carcinoma in situ stage?

A

Because cells are growing inward there’s an opportunity to cut the abnormal cells out.

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25
Q

Microinvasive?

A

Cells have broken out of contained region and can now metastasize and replicate

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26
Q

What to do once in Microinvasive stage?

A

Chemotherapy, drugs; only delays death not permanent cure.

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27
Q

What’s the trigger for cancer?

A

Genetics; shift or damage in genetic code causes a spread.

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28
Q

Oncogenes?

A

Genes involved in normal cell growth become mutated (genes of cancerous cells) and replicate and spread abnormal cells.

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29
Q

Tumour Supressor Genes

A

Slow down cancer but DNA changes make the genes lead to uncontrollable cell growth.

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30
Q

What is a Tumour Microenvironment?

A

Tumour gets it’s own blood supply and nutrients in order to support replication and spreading

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31
Q

What does the Tumour Microenvironment have to stop it

A

Killer T-cells.

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32
Q

How does the Immune System interact with Cancer?

A

Side effects of cancer weaken immune system.

33
Q

How do cancer treatments help immune system?

A

If the immune system can’t catch the cancer cells, the treatments can eliminate them.

34
Q

How do our genes affect our response to cancer

A

Most people have genes that can easily defeat cancer that shows up, but others are non-responsive meaning they can’t fight it off

35
Q

What does having genes that have no response to cancer mean when doing cancer treatment?

A

Genes that don’t respond to cancer means they don’t respond to chemotherapy either.

36
Q

What determines our response to cancer cells?

A

Our genetic background in cancer.

37
Q

What are some onco causing agents?

A

Heredity, UV, Chemicals, Viruses, Smoking, Cells dividing

38
Q

Dysplastic cells?

A

1 or 2 benign mutation cells that are on the way to becoming malignant (Atypical Hyperplasia)

39
Q

What region of abnormal cell growth is considered stage 1-4

A

Carcinoma in situ and Invasive Cancer.

40
Q

What is a sign of stage 4 cancer?

A

Cancer has spread into the bloodstream

41
Q

Stage 0/1 of Cancer

A

Cancer cells are present but it’s localized to a small area.

42
Q

Stage 2 of Cancer

A

Cancer grows but doesn’t spread

43
Q

What’s the difference in stage 0/1 and 2

A

Size difference in cells.

44
Q

What stage does the cancer cells start to get a blood supply

45
Q

Stage 3 of Cancer

A

Cancer gets larger and can spread to lymph nodes or other tissues

46
Q

Stage 4

A

Cancer leaves tumour and metastasizes in different organs and lymph nodes and bloodstream.

47
Q

What are lymph nodes and how do they play a role in cancer?

A

Lymph nodes contain white blood cells that try to fight off the cancer; generally fails and tends to metastasize in the lymphs.

48
Q

Risk Factors for Skin Cancer

A
  • Fair Skin, Light eyes or fair hair
  • History of sunburn
  • Family history of melanoma
49
Q

How can you tell if a mole is skin cancer or not

A

If it lacks the circular symmetry.

50
Q

What does having a lot of skin tags indicate

A

People with a lot of skin tags are likely unable to have genes that fight off mutations.

51
Q

Where does breast cancer start in?

A

Commonly in the ducts, sometimes in the lobules.

52
Q

What hormone fuels breast cancer?

53
Q

Ductal Carcinoma in situ

A

Abnormal growth of cells in ducts that have not yet spread is treatable

54
Q

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma %

A

80% of cancer originating here.

55
Q

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma %

A

15% of cancer originating here.

56
Q

Triple Negative Cancer

A

More aggressive type of breast cancer

57
Q

What’s bad about Triple Negative Cancer

A

Does not react to hormone replacement or radiation.

58
Q

Mutation of BRCA1 Gene

A

Does not allow to fight off breast cancer

59
Q

Each stage of cancer predicts what?

A

The likelihood of survival; decreases as you move to a new stage.

60
Q

Treatment costs?

A

The cost of treatment increases as your survival rate goes down.

61
Q

Who is at risk?

A

2/5 Canadians develop cancer during lifetime

62
Q

How does age impact risk of cancer

A

The longer you live the likelier chance you have of developing cancer; exposure to toxins

63
Q

Number of new cases of cancer peaks at what age?

64
Q

When should cancer be screened for if new diagnosis peaks at age 80

A

Start screening at 40.

65
Q

The most common Cancer for Females and Males

A

Breast and Prostate respectively.

66
Q

*Cancers with the biggest death rates

A

Brain, Lung, Prostate, Breast, Pancreatic

67
Q

Seven Warning Signs of Cancer

A

C.A.U.T.I.O.N

68
Q

C in caution

A

Change in Bowel Movements

69
Q

A in Caution

A

A sore that doesn’t heal

70
Q

U in Caution

A

Unusual bleeding or discharge

71
Q

T in Caution

A

Thickening of lump in breast, testis, or elsewhere

72
Q

I in Caution

A

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

73
Q

O in Caution

A

Obvious Change in wart or mole

74
Q

N in Caution

A

Nagging cough or hoarseness

75
Q

What lifestyle factors are contributing to cancer risk

A

Unsafe sex, alcohol, smoking,

76
Q

How does Exercise prevent cancer?

A

Because cancer cells hate immune cells, exercising increases our immune system health to fight back.

77
Q

What cancers are likely to be prevented by exercise?

A

Colorectal Cancer, Lung Cancer, Endometrial and Prostate.

78
Q

How many METS (energy expenditure above RMR) per week decreases cancer risk

A

80 MET Minutes/wk

79
Q

What are some cancer treatments

A
  • Hormone Therapy (Blocking estrogen in breast)
  • Surgery
  • Bone Marrow Transplantation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted Therapy
  • Radiation Therapy
  • Immunotherapy

Kine 1020 (43 decks)

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