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MD2002 > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tumour?

A
  • neoplasm (“new growth”)
  • usually one cell type with supporting tissue structures (neoplastic cells and stroma)
  • autonomous (response to physiological stimuli lost or abnormal, allowing unregulated growth)
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2
Q

what are features of benign tumours?

A
  • well circumscribed
  • slow growth
  • no necrosis
  • non-invasive
  • no metastasis
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3
Q

what are features of malignant tumours?

A
  • poorly circumscribed
  • rapid growth
  • often necrotic
  • invasive
  • metastasis
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4
Q

what are the clinical effects of benign tumours?

A
  • dont invade or metastasise
  • not always clinically benign

space occupying effects:

  • obstruction
  • epilepsy
  • conduction abnormalities

haemorrhage:

  • pulmonary
  • GI

hormone production:

  • pituitary
  • adrenal
  • endocrine pancreas
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5
Q

how can tumours spread?

A
  • directly invade locally
  • via lymphatics
  • via bloodstream (haematological)
  • via body cavities (transcoelomic)
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6
Q

where do prostate tumours generally metastasise to?

A

bone

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7
Q

where do lung tumours generally metastasise to?

A
  • brain

- adrenals

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8
Q

where do breast tumours generally metastasise to?

A
  • lung
  • liver
  • bone
  • brain
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9
Q

where do ovarian tumours generally metastasise to?

A
  • peritoneal cavity
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10
Q

what are macroscopic features of benign tumours?

A
  • intact surfaces
  • exophytic growth
  • homogeneous cut surface
  • circumscribed or encapsulated edge
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11
Q

what are macroscopic features of malignant tumours?

A
  • heterogeneous cut surface due to necrosis
  • ulcerated surface
  • endophytic growth
  • vascular permeation
  • irregular infiltrative edge
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12
Q

what are microscopic features of benign tumours?

A
  • resemble tissue of origin
  • well circumscribed
  • well differentiated
  • minimal nuclear polymorphism
  • mitotic figures normal
  • no necrosis
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13
Q

what are features of malignant tumours?

A
  • variable resemblance
  • poorly circumscribed
  • variable differentiation
  • variable pleomorphism may be anaplastic
  • mitotic figures abnormal
  • necrotic
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14
Q

what are cytological features of malignancy?

A
  • high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
  • nuclear hyperchromasia
  • nuclear pleomorphism
  • abnormal chromatin structure
  • abnormal mitotic figures
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15
Q

how are stages of tumours classified?

A

T - tumour size
N - degree of lymph node involvement
M - extent of distant metastases

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16
Q

what is Tis stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

in situ, non-invasive (confined to epithelium)

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17
Q

what is T1 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

small, minimally invasive within primary organ site

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18
Q

what is T2 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

larger, more invasive within primary organ site

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19
Q

what is T3 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

larger and.or more invasive beyond margins of primary organ site

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20
Q

what is T4 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

very large and/or very invasive, spread to adjacent organs

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21
Q

what is N0 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

no lymph node involvement

22
Q

what is N1 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

nearby lymph node involvement

23
Q

what is N2 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

regional lymph node involvement

24
Q

what is N3 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

more distant lymph node involvement

25
Q

what is M0 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

no distant metastases

26
Q

what is M1 stage of malignant neoplasms?

A

distant metastases present

27
Q

what are the stages of dukes’ staging system for colorectal cancer?

A

A - confined to bowel
B - through bowel wall but no lymph node involvement
C - lymph nodes involved
D - distant spread

28
Q

what types of tumours are benign epithelial tumours?

A

papillomas or adenomas

29
Q

what type of tumours are malignant epithelial tumours?

A

carcinomas, adenocarcinomas

30
Q

what type of tumours are malignant connective tissue tumours?

A

sarcomas

31
Q

what are sarcomas?

A

malignant connective tissue tumours

32
Q

what are carcinomas?

A

malignant epithelial tumours

33
Q

what are papillomas or adenomas?

A

benign epithelial tumours

34
Q

how are names of benign connective tissue tumours decided?

A

begin with term denoting cell of origin e.g. lipoma

35
Q

what type of teratoma is almost always benign?

A

ovarian

36
Q

what type of teratoma is more often malignant?

A

testicular

37
Q

what are hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • self-sufficiency in growth signals
  • insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  • tissue invasion & metastasis
  • limitless replicative potential
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • evading apoptosis
38
Q

what are features of a teratoma?

A
  • contains elements of all 3 embryonic germ cell layers
  • of germ cell origin
  • benign and malignant forms
39
Q

What is the aide memoire for tumours?

A

In - incidence

A - age

Surgeons - sex

Gown - geographical distrubution

Physicians - predisposing factors

May - macroscopic features

Make - microscopic features

Some - spread

Progress - prognosis

40
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of squamous cell origin?

A

B - squamous cell papilloma

M - squamous cell carcinoma

41
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of transitional cell origin?

A

B - transitional cell papilloma

M - transitional cell carcinoma

42
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of basal cell origin?

A

B - basal cell papilloma

M - basal cell carcinoma

43
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of glandular cell origin?

A

B - adenoma

M - adenocarcinoma

44
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of smooth muscle origin?

A

B - leiomyoma

M - leiomyosarcoma

45
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of striated muscle origin?

A

B - rhabdomyoma

M - rhabdomyosarcoma

46
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of adipose tissue origin?

A

B - lipoma

M - liposarcoma

47
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of blood vessel origin?

A

B - angioma

M - angiosarcoma

48
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of bone origin?

A

B - osteoma

M - osteosarcoma

49
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of cartilaginous origin?

A

B - chondroma

M - chondrosarcoma

50
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of mesothelial origin?

A

B - benign mesothelioma

M - malignant mesothelioma

51
Q

what are the names of benign and malignant tumours of synovial origin?

A

B - synovioma

M - synovial sarcoma

52
Q

how many tumour cells can repopulate a tumour?

A

1 in 10^3 –10^4 cells

MD2002 (85 decks)

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