Bloodborne Pathogens Flashcards
what are the routes of HIV transmission?
+ via blood
+ sexually
+ perinatally
which strain of HIV is more common?
HIV-1
what are viral features of HIV?
+ spherical (80-100nm)
+ enveloped
+ RNA genome
+ retrovirus: uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA copy from viral RNA
what are the stages involved in HIV progression to AIDS?
\+ exposure to HIV \+ seroconversion \+ asymptomatic \+ persistent generalised lymphadenopathy \+ AIDS-related clinical features \+ AIDS
what is used in the treatment of HIV?
+ NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
+ NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
+ PIs (protease inhibitors)
what is the treatment for HIV?
HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)
+ 1 NRTI and 1 PI
OR
+ 2 NRTIs and 1 NNRTI
what are methods for diagnosing HIV-specific antibodies?
+ ELISA
+ western blotting
what are methods for detecting viral RNA in serum?
NAAT: quantitative NAAT to measure viral load
what are prevention measures of HIV?
\+ no vaccine \+ screening of blood products \+ needle exchange programmes \+ anti-retroviral prophylaxis for needlestick injuries \+ avoid high-risk sexual partners \+ use barrier contraception \+ elective caesarian section
what are viral features HBV?
+ hepadnavirus
+ double-stranded DNA genome
+ enveloped
what are the 3 HBV antigens?
+ HBsAg
+ HBcAg
+ HBeAg
what are features of HBsAG?
+ surface antigen
+ indicates infectivity
+ anti-HBsAg provides immunity and appears late
what are features of HBcAg?
+ core antigen
+ appears early in infection
what are features of HBeAg?
+ pre-core antigen
+ indicates high transmissibility
what are the routes of HBV transmission?
\+ via blood \+ contaminated needles and equipment \+ tattooing, body piercing, acupuncture \+ sexual intercourse \+ intra-uterine, peri- and post-natal infection \+ contaminated haemodialysis equipment
what are the stages of HBV infection?
+ long incubation period (up to 6 months)
+ development of acute hepatitis
+ fulminant disease carries 1-2% mortality rate
+ 50% develop chronic active hepatitis
- cirrhosis
- hepatocellular carcinoma
what are the pre-icteric stage clinical features of HBV?
+ malaise
+ anorexia
+ nausea
+ pain in upper right quadrant (tender liver)
what are the icteric stage clinical features of HBV?
+ jaundice
+ dark urine (bilirubin)
what are features of jaundice?
+ yellowish pigmentation
- skin
- sclerae
- other mucous membranes
+ caused by hyperbilirubemia
what are treatments for HBV?
+ pegylated interferon
+ antiviral activity of nucleoside analogues
what are methods of HBV prevention?
\+ HBsAg vaccine \+ HBV immunoglobin \+ blood screening \+ needle exchange programmes \+ sexual health education
what are viral features of HCV?
\+ flavivirus \+ single-stranded RNA genome \+ enveloped \+ replicated primarily in hepatocytes \+ destroys liver cells \+ virus cannot be cultured
what are modes of transmission of HCV?
\+ via blood \+ tattooing, body piercing and acupuncture \+ haemodialysis \+ sexual (uncommon) \+ vertical (uncommon)
what are clinical features of HCV?
\+ usually asymptomatic \+ fatigue \+ nausea \+ weight loss \+ may rarely progress to cirrhosis \+ small portion may develop hepatocellular carcinoma
