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MD2002 > Bloodborne Pathogens > Flashcards

Bloodborne Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

what are the routes of HIV transmission?

A

+ via blood
+ sexually
+ perinatally

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2
Q

which strain of HIV is more common?

A

HIV-1

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3
Q

what are viral features of HIV?

A

+ spherical (80-100nm)
+ enveloped
+ RNA genome
+ retrovirus: uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA copy from viral RNA

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4
Q

what are the stages involved in HIV progression to AIDS?

A 
\+ exposure to HIV
\+ seroconversion
\+ asymptomatic
\+ persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
\+ AIDS-related clinical features
\+ AIDS
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5
Q

what is used in the treatment of HIV?

A

+ NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
+ NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
+ PIs (protease inhibitors)

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6
Q

what is the treatment for HIV?

A

HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)

+ 1 NRTI and 1 PI
OR
+ 2 NRTIs and 1 NNRTI

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7
Q

what are methods for diagnosing HIV-specific antibodies?

A

+ ELISA

+ western blotting

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8
Q

what are methods for detecting viral RNA in serum?

A

NAAT: quantitative NAAT to measure viral load

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9
Q

what are prevention measures of HIV?

A 
\+ no vaccine 
\+ screening of blood products
\+ needle exchange programmes
\+ anti-retroviral prophylaxis for needlestick injuries
\+ avoid high-risk sexual partners
\+ use barrier contraception
\+ elective caesarian section
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10
Q

what are viral features HBV?

A

+ hepadnavirus
+ double-stranded DNA genome
+ enveloped

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11
Q

what are the 3 HBV antigens?

A

+ HBsAg
+ HBcAg
+ HBeAg

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12
Q

what are features of HBsAG?

A

+ surface antigen
+ indicates infectivity
+ anti-HBsAg provides immunity and appears late

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13
Q

what are features of HBcAg?

A

+ core antigen

+ appears early in infection

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14
Q

what are features of HBeAg?

A

+ pre-core antigen

+ indicates high transmissibility

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15
Q

what are the routes of HBV transmission?

A 
\+ via blood
\+ contaminated needles and equipment 
\+ tattooing, body piercing, acupuncture
\+ sexual intercourse
\+ intra-uterine, peri- and post-natal infection
\+ contaminated haemodialysis equipment
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16
Q

what are the stages of HBV infection?

A

+ long incubation period (up to 6 months)

+ development of acute hepatitis

+ fulminant disease carries 1-2% mortality rate

+ 50% develop chronic active hepatitis

  • cirrhosis
  • hepatocellular carcinoma
17
Q

what are the pre-icteric stage clinical features of HBV?

A

+ malaise
+ anorexia
+ nausea
+ pain in upper right quadrant (tender liver)

18
Q

what are the icteric stage clinical features of HBV?

A

+ jaundice

+ dark urine (bilirubin)

19
Q

what are features of jaundice?

A

+ yellowish pigmentation

  • skin
  • sclerae
  • other mucous membranes

+ caused by hyperbilirubemia

20
Q

what are treatments for HBV?

A

+ pegylated interferon

+ antiviral activity of nucleoside analogues

21
Q

what are methods of HBV prevention?

A 
\+ HBsAg vaccine
\+ HBV immunoglobin
\+ blood screening
\+ needle exchange programmes
\+ sexual health education
22
Q

what are viral features of HCV?

A 
\+ flavivirus
\+ single-stranded RNA genome
\+ enveloped
\+ replicated primarily in hepatocytes
\+ destroys liver cells
\+ virus cannot be cultured
23
Q

what are modes of transmission of HCV?

A 
\+ via blood
\+ tattooing, body piercing and acupuncture
\+ haemodialysis
\+ sexual (uncommon)
\+ vertical (uncommon)
24
Q

what are clinical features of HCV?

A 
\+ usually asymptomatic
\+ fatigue
\+ nausea
\+ weight loss
\+ may rarely progress to cirrhosis
\+ small portion may develop hepatocellular carcinoma
25
Q

what is the treatment for HCV?

A

+ ribavirin with pegylated α-interferon

+ sofosbivur (nucleotide analogue)

26
Q

what are the 5 species of plasmodium that cause malaria?

A 
\+ P. falciparum
\+ P. vivax
\+ P. malariae
\+ P. ovale
\+ P. knowlesi
27
Q

what are clinical features of malaria?

A

+ fever

+ flu-like symptoms

+ P. falciparum infection can rapidly progress to death

+ P. falciparum affects every organ, wide range of complications e.g

  • cerebral malaria
  • circulatory shock
  • hepatitis
28
Q

how is malaria diagnosed?

A

+ at east 3 blood films obtained from different times for microscopy
+ NAAT

29
Q

what are the treatment options for malaria?

A 
\+ chemotherapy (kills blood stages of parasite)
\+ combination therapy is the norm
- quinine
- chloroquinine
- doxycyclin
- proguanil
- malarone (proguanil + atovaquone)
- artemether
30
Q

what are methods of malaria prevention?

A 
\+ sleep under bed nets
\+ cover exposed skin between dusk and dawn
\+ mosquito repellants
\+ prophylaxis
\+ vaccines being developed
31
Q

Infection of which plasmodium can rapidly progress to death?

A

P. falciparum

MD2002 (85 decks)

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