Bloodborne Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What are the viral features of HIV?

A

+ spherical
+ enveloped
+ RNA
+ retrovirus

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2
Q

What are the steps involved in HIV progression to AIDS?

A
  1. exposure to HIV
  2. seroconversion
  3. asymptomatic
  4. persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
  5. AIDS related clinical features
  6. AIDS
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3
Q

What is the treatment for AIDS?

A

+ NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)

+ NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)

+ PIs (protease inhibitors)

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4
Q

What are the normal treatment combinations for HIV?

A

+ 1 NRTI and 1 PI

+ 2 NRTIs and 1 NNRTI

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5
Q

How is viral load measured?

A

Quantitative NAAT

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6
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

+ via blood/blood products/contaminated needles
+ sexually
+ perinatally

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7
Q

Which type of HIV is the most common?

A

HIV-1

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8
Q

What are the viral features of HBV?

A

+ hepadnavirus
+ double-stranded DNA
+ enveloped

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9
Q

What is HBsAg?

A

surface antigen

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10
Q

What does HBsAg indicate?

A

infectivity

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11
Q

What is HBcAg?

A

core antigen

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12
Q

When does HBcAg appear?

A

Early in infection

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13
Q

What is HBeAg?

A

pre-core antigen

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14
Q

What does HBeAg indicate?

A

high transmissibility

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15
Q

What does anti-HBsAg provide?

A

immunity (appears late)

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16
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A

+ blood/blood products
+ contaminated needles and equipment
+ association with tattooing, body piercing and acupuncture
+ sexual intercourse

17
Q

What are the stages of HBV infection?

A

+ long incubation period - up to 6 months
+ development of acute hepatitis
+ fulminant disease carries 1-2% mortality rate
+ 50% patients develop chronic active hepatitis

18
Q

What is icterus?

A

jaundice

19
Q

What are the clinical features of the pre-icteric stage of HBV?

A

+ malaise
+ anorexia
+ nausea
+ pain in upper right quadrant (tender liver)

20
Q

What are the clinical features of the icteric stage of HBV?

A

+ jaundice

+ dark urine (bilirubin)

21
Q

What is jaundice and where does it affect?

A

Yellow pigmentation affecting the skin, sclerae and other mucous membranes

22
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Hyperbilirubemia

23
Q

What is the treatment for HBV?

A

+ pegylated interferon (peginterferon): sustaining suppression of viral replication

+ nucleoside analogues

24
Q

What are methods of HBV prevention?

A

+ HBsAg vaccine
+ HBV immunoglobin
+ Blood screening
+ Needle exchange programmes

25
Q

What are the viral features of HCV?

A
\+ flavivirus
\+ single-stranded RNA 
\+ enveloped
\+ replicated in hepatocytes
\+ destroys liver cells
\+ virus cannot be cultured
26
Q

How is HCV transmitted?

A

+ blood and blood products
+ tattooing, body piercing and acupuncture
+ haemodialysis
+ sexual/vertical transmission

27
Q

What are clinical features of HCV?

A

+ usually asymptomatic
+ fatigue
+ nausea
+ weight loss

28
Q

What can occasionally develop in patients with HCV?

A

+ cirrhosis

+ hepatocellular carcinoma

29
Q

What is the treatment for HCV?

A

NO VACCINE YET
+ ribavirin and pegylated interferon alpha
+ sofosbivur (nucleotide analogue)

30
Q

What are the 5 species of plasmodium that cause malaria?

A
\+ P. falciparum
\+ P. ovale
\+ P. knowlesi
\+ P. vivax
\+ P. malariae
31
Q

What are the main clinical features of malaria?

A
\+ fever
\+ flu-like symptoms
\+ P. falciparum affects every organ - wide range of complications:
- cerebral malaria
- circulatory shock
- hepatitis
32
Q

Infection of which plasmodium can rapidly progress to death?

A

P. falciparum

33
Q

What is the treatment for malaria?

A

+ chemotherapy: kills blood stages of parasite

+ combo therapy is normal