Pharmacokinetics 1

Question 1

what are the 7 routes of drug administration?

Answer 1

\+ oral
\+ sublingual
\+ inhalation
\+ topical
\+ transdermal
\+ intramuscular (IM)
\+ intravenous (IV)

Question 2

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the oral route?

Answer 2

A: convenient

D: first-pass effect, many variables and barriers

Question 3

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the sublingual route?

Answer 3

A: no first-pass effect

D: inconvenient, small dose limit, taste

Question 4

what are the advantages of the inhalation route?

Answer 4

A: fast, rapid delivery to blood

D: requires special properties of drug (atomised. vaporised)

Question 5

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the topical route?

Answer 5

A: convenient, localised

D: only local

Question 6

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the transdermal route?

Answer 6

A: prolonged release

D: skin very effective barrier

Question 7

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the intramuscular route?

Answer 7

A: rapid for aqueous

D: painful, requires trained personnel

Question 8

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the intravenous route?

Answer 8

A: direct, total dose, rapid

D: requires professional, infection risk, rapid response

Question 9

what are examples of polar aqueous media?

Answer 9

+ blood plasma
+ cytosol
+ interstitial fluid

Question 10

what are examples of non-polar media?

Answer 10

+ interior of lipid bilayer

+ fat

Question 11

what are the basic drugs, from strongest to weakest?

Answer 11

\+ amphetamine
\+ atropine
\+ noradrenaline
\+ codeine
\+ diazepam

Question 12

what are the acid drugs from strongest to weakest?

Answer 12

\+ penicillins
\+ aspirin
\+ warfarin
\+ phenytoin
\+ paracetamol

Question 13

what are some non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor agonists?

Answer 13

+ pilocarpine

+ bethanechol

Question 14

what are clinical uses of pilocarpine?

Answer 14

+ constriction (miosis)
+ glaucoma (to decrease IOP)
+ xerostomia (following head/neck radiotherapy)

Question 15

what factors affect drug distribution?

Answer 15

\+ degree of drug ionisation
\+ lipid solubility
\+ pH of compartments
\+ cardiac output and blood flow
\+ capillary permeability
\+ plasma protein binding

Question 16

in relation to pharmacokinetics, what are the criteria of (L)ADME

Answer 16

(Liberation)
Adsorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion