Haematopathology: Anaemia and Leukaemia Flashcards
how long for RBC to mature in marrow?
7 days
what inherited conditions can cause anaemia?
Hb problem:
- sickle cell
- thalassaemia
membrane problem:
- spherocytosis
RBC enzyme problem
- pyruvate kinase deficiency
through which conditions can anaemia be acquired?
- nutritional deficiency
- blood loss
- haemolysis
- marrow infiltration e.g. primary/secondary malignancy
- aplastic anaemia
- renal failure
- anaemia of chronic disease
what can cause iron deficiency anaemia?
- poor intake in diet
- poor absorption e.g. coeliac disease
- excessive loss e.g bowel/bladder or menstrual loss
what can cause folate anaemia?
- poor intake/absorption
- excess utilisation
what can cause B12 anaemia?
- pernicious anaemia
- disease of terminal ileum
what is aplastic anaemia?
- predictable dose related side effect of chemo/radiation
- idiosyncratic side effect of e.g. chloramphenicol
- idiopathic
what are conditions involving marrow infiltration?
- myeloma
- leukaemia
- lymphoma
- metastatic tumour
what causes lack of EPO production?
renal failure
what type of anaemia can renal failure cause?
EPO anaemia due to lack of production
what are symptoms of chronic myeloid leukaemia?
- anaemia
- large spleen
- bone pain
what signs in blood can determine chronic myeloid leukaemia?
- anaemia
- high WBC and platelet count
what are the phases of chronic myeloid leukaemia?
chronic phase, then accelerated and blast phase
what anticancer drug is used for chronic myeloid leukaemia?
imatinib
why is CML ideal target for “designer drugs”?
- 95%+ have same genetic/molecular change
- drug resistance unusual
- effects can be monitored
- treatment well tolerated
what symptoms does acute myeloid leukaemia present with?
symptoms of marrow failure:
- anaemia
- bleeding
- infections
what are features of treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia?
- diverse cytogenetic changes so no single target for chemo
- chemo to produce marrow aplasia
- marrow regenerates from residual stem cells
during chemo for AML, what can problems can arise?
- infections
- bleeding
- psychological
- venous access
how can AML affect the eye?
- distended retinal vessels
- retinal haemorrhage
