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MD2002 > Disorders of Growth and Differentiation > Flashcards

Disorders of Growth and Differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

A

athletes building muscle

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2
Q

what is an example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

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3
Q

what are examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A
  • adaption to altitude
  • from embryo through puberty to maturity
  • pregnancy
  • lactation
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4
Q

what are examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A

psoriasis

  • auto-immune
  • stimulates proliferation
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5
Q

what are examples of hyperplasia in tissue repair?

A
  • angiogenesis
  • wound healing
  • liver regeneration
  • heart
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6
Q

what are examples of physiological atrophy?

A
  • thymus undergoing regressive alterations with age

- ageing

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7
Q

what are examples of pathological atrophy?

A
  • muscle: fractures
  • nerves: paraplegics
  • blood supply: circulatory problems
  • pressure: bedsores
  • diet: anorexia
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8
Q

what is Turner’s Syndrome?

A
  • A.K.A 45, XO
  • female is completely/partially missing a chromosome
  • short and underdeveloped ovaries
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9
Q

what is Beckwith-Weidemann Syndrome?

A
  • inheriting two copies of a chromosome from one (paternal) parent and none from other
  • increased expression IGF-II
  • decreased expression of H19
  • overgrowth in early childhood
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10
Q

what causes pituitary gigantism?

A
  • increased IGF-1
  • increased growth hormone
  • often pituitary tumours

in children - gigantism
in adults - increased size hands, feet, jaw, forehead

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11
Q

what is the cause of achondroplasia?

A

mutation of FGFR3

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12
Q

what is metaplasia?

A
  • change of differentiated cell type
  • response altered cellular environment
  • often epithelial or mesenchymal cells
  • one mature cell type to another (not premalignant)
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13
Q

what are examples of metaplasia?

A
  • epithelium of trachea and bronchi in smokers
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14
Q

what is dysplasia?

A
  • increased cell proliferation
  • atypical morphology
  • decreased differentiation
  • often premalignant
  • expansion of immature cells
  • disordered proliferation and differentiation
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15
Q

what is neoplasia?

A
  • abnormal uncoordinated excessive cell proliferation

- persists after initiating stimulus withdrawn

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16
Q

what are the different anomalies of organogenesis?

A
  • agenesis
  • atresia
  • hypoplasia
  • ectopia/heterotopia
  • maldifferentiation
17
Q

what is agenesis?

A

failure to develop an organ or structure

e.g. renal agenesis

18
Q

what is atresia?

A

failure to develop a lumen

  • oesophageal atresia
  • duodenal atresia
  • imperforate anus

failure to close

  • spina bifida
  • cleft palate
19
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

failure of organ to develop to normal size

- may only apply to a segment of an organ

20
Q

what is ectopia/heterotopia?

A

small areas of mature tissue from one organ present in another
e.g. endometriosis

21
Q

what is maldifferentiation?

A
  • failure of normal differentiation

- persistence of primitive embryological features

22
Q

what is Wilms’ Tumour?

A
  • a developmental malignancy

- can contain cartilage, bone and smooth muscle

23
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells

24
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells (often as an initial stage in the development of cancer)

25
Q

what is accretionary growth?

A

growth resulting from an increase of intercellular material

26
Q

what is the result of hyperplasia in tissue repair going too far and becoming harmful?

A
  • hypertrophic scar

- cirrhosis: fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules

27
Q

what is achondroplasia?

A
  • bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism

- short in stature with a normal sized torso and short limbs

28
Q

malformation

A

a primary defect due to abnormal development affecting part of the body or an organ, such as a cleft lip

29
Q

dysplasia

A

a primary defect of tissue formation, such as a vascular malformation

30
Q

sequence

A

a primary defect that results in secondary structural changes, such as oligohydramnios (reduced amniotic fluid) that leads to growth deficiencies, facial and limb deformities and pulmonary hypoplasia

31
Q

syndrome

A

multiple primary malformations with a single cause, such as Down’s syndrome

32
Q

deformation

A

change in body shape due to external sources affecting the developing foetus, such as a mechanical force

33
Q

disruption

A

a change due to breakdown of an originally normal development, such as a limb not developing properly because a vascular problem has limited the blood flow

MD2002 (85 decks)

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