Tumors

Question 1

Where does a carcinoma most often metastasize too?

Answer 1

Regional lymph nodes

*can spread through blood depending on type

Question 2

Which neoplasm is similar in appearance regardless of primary site?

Answer 2

Squamous Carcinoma

Question 3

Which neoplasm is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelium?

Answer 3

Adenocarcinoma

*often produces mucin

Question 4

Which neoplasms are carcinoids of the GI tract and Lung?

Answer 4

Neuroendocrine tumors

Question 5

Kaposi Sarcoma, Angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma and liposarcoma are examples of what?

Answer 5

Mesenchymal Tumors

Question 6

What are 3 main treatments for Carcinomas?

Answer 6

1-Surgical removal
2-Radiation Therapy
3-Chemotherapy (Kills fast growing cells)

Question 7

Cancers have what 5 properties?

Answer 7

1-Non-responsive to normal physiologic cues
2-Lack of response to growth inhibitory signals
3-Avoid normal cell cycle mediated death
4-Develops own angiogenesis
5-Evades immune detection

Question 8

A benign epithelial tumor is an_______ (if glandular) and a ________ if projected

Answer 8

adenoma

papilloma

Question 9

Malignant Tumors that metastasize are called what in epithelial, mesenchymal, lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues respectively?

Answer 9

1-Epithelial= carcinoma
2-Mesenchymal= sarcoma
3-Lymphoid= lymphoma
4-Hematopoietic= leukemia

Question 10

What invasive neoplasm is the most common malignancy, usually metastasizes to regional lymph nodes, and has high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio?

Answer 10

Carcinoma

Question 11

A malignant mesenchymal tumor that has a pushing rather than invasive border and is less likely to metastasize is called?

Answer 11

Sarcoma

*metastasizes through blood when it does

Question 12

Newly diagnosed cases in a period of time is referred to as?

Answer 12

Incidence

Question 13

Number of deaths during a period of time is called?

Answer 13

Mortality

Question 14

New and Pre-existing cases at one time is called?

Answer 14

Prevalence

Question 15

Proportion of patients alive at a given time after diagnosis is called?

Answer 15

Survival

Question 16

_______ cancer is leading cause of cancer death in US, followed by ______ in men and ______ in females

Answer 16

Lung

Prostate

Breast

Question 17

What is the most common cause of sporadic cancers?

Answer 17

Environmental

*hereditary are a subset

Question 18

What are 5 Chromosomal changes associated with cancers?

Answer 18

1-Deletions
2-Translocations
3-Duplications
4-Amplifications
5-Abnormal number of chromosomes

Question 19

What are 5 genetic targets for tumors?

Answer 19

1-Oncogenes (Growth factors that promote proliferation)
2-Tumor suppresor genes (BRCA-1 and 2)
3-Apoptosis regulatory genes
4-DNA repair
5-Angioneogenesis

Question 20

Roughly what percent of cell doublings occurs before a tumor is detected?

Answer 20

Roughly 75%

Question 21

What measures if a chemical alters genetic material in bacteria?

Answer 21

Ames Test

Question 22

What are 6 things that may cause mutations?

Answer 22

1-Chemicals (alkylating agents or nitrosamines in food)
2-UV light
3-Radiation
4-Metal Ions
5-Polycyclic aromatic compounds (benzopyrenes)
6-Aflaztoxin (fungus on peanuts)

Question 23

What are 5 examples of viruses that can cause cancer?

Answer 23

1-HPV (Cervical/oropharyngeal)
2-EBV (B cell lymphomas/Burkitt)
3-HHV8 (Kaposi)
4-Hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma)
5-HTLV-1 (Rare aggressive T cell leukemia)

Question 24

What are 6 general causes for cancers?

Answer 24

1-Mutations
2-Viruses
3-Bacteria/inflammation (H. Pylori/asbestos)
4-Hormonal (high androgens)
5-Poor immune response
6-Genetic predisposition

Question 25

What 5 things do tumors need to do to survive?

Answer 25

1-Develop signal to proliferate
2-Avoid apoptosis
3-Invade
4-Metastasize
5-Induce angiogenesis

Question 26

What are 4 ways cancers kill?

Answer 26

1-Growth and metastasis
2-Involvement of vital organs
3-Cachexia
4-Tumor secretes product of the tissue of origin

Question 27

Though squamous cell carcinoma is similar in appearance regardless of location, where is it most dangerous?

Answer 27

Lip and oral cavity

*Skin is less dangerous

Question 28

Well developed carcinoid tumors usually do better than not well differentiated ones and usually show up where?

Answer 28

GI tract or lungs

*Typically low grade

Question 29

Which Carcinoma is highly malignant?

Answer 29

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Question 30

Cancer of blood cells and bone marrow is called?

Answer 30

Lymphoma

Question 31

Reed-Sternberg cells are characteristic of what type of lymphoma that usually responds to treatment?

Answer 31

Hodgkins Lymphoma

*Non-Hodgkins tend to be more variable and harder to treat

Question 32

Which fast growing cancer starts with B-cells and is typically associated with impaired immunity?

Answer 32

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

*Starry Sky, rapidly fatal if not treated

Question 33

Immunodeficient children _______-fold more likely to develop cancer

Answer 33

200

Question 34

What are 2 Angiogenic factors tumors release?

Answer 34

1-VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)

2-bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor-causes a fibrotic structure in tumor)

Question 35

Which gene is the guardian of the genome and is the most common tumor suppressor gene mutation?

Answer 35

p53

*lost or mutated in 50% of malignancies. When functioning, it senses damaged cells and induces apoptosis

Question 36

What rare inherited genetic cancer disorder is related to P53 gene and greatly increases the risk of developing multiple cancers?

Answer 36

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

Question 37

What are the 3 components of tumor staging?

Answer 37

1-T (size and extent of the primary tumor)
2-N (presence of number of lymph node metastases)
3-M (presence of distant metastases)

Question 38

Flow cytometry is used mainly for what two cancers?

Answer 38

Leukemias and Lymphomas