Tumors Flashcards
Where does a carcinoma most often metastasize too?
Regional lymph nodes
*can spread through blood depending on type
Which neoplasm is similar in appearance regardless of primary site?
Squamous Carcinoma
Which neoplasm is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelium?
Adenocarcinoma
*often produces mucin
Which neoplasms are carcinoids of the GI tract and Lung?
Neuroendocrine tumors
Kaposi Sarcoma, Angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma and liposarcoma are examples of what?
Mesenchymal Tumors
What are 3 main treatments for Carcinomas?
1-Surgical removal
2-Radiation Therapy
3-Chemotherapy (Kills fast growing cells)
Cancers have what 5 properties?
1-Non-responsive to normal physiologic cues
2-Lack of response to growth inhibitory signals
3-Avoid normal cell cycle mediated death
4-Develops own angiogenesis
5-Evades immune detection
A benign epithelial tumor is an_______ (if glandular) and a ________ if projected
adenoma
papilloma
Malignant Tumors that metastasize are called what in epithelial, mesenchymal, lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues respectively?
1-Epithelial= carcinoma 2-Mesenchymal= sarcoma 3-Lymphoid= lymphoma 4-Hematopoietic= leukemia
What invasive neoplasm is the most common malignancy, usually metastasizes to regional lymph nodes, and has high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio?
Carcinoma
A malignant mesenchymal tumor that has a pushing rather than invasive border and is less likely to metastasize is called?
Sarcoma
*metastasizes through blood when it does
Newly diagnosed cases in a period of time is referred to as?
Incidence
Number of deaths during a period of time is called?
Mortality
New and Pre-existing cases at one time is called?
Prevalence
Proportion of patients alive at a given time after diagnosis is called?
Survival
_______ cancer is leading cause of cancer death in US, followed by ______ in men and ______ in females
Lung
Prostate
Breast
What is the most common cause of sporadic cancers?
Environmental
*hereditary are a subset
What are 5 Chromosomal changes associated with cancers?
1-Deletions 2-Translocations 3-Duplications 4-Amplifications 5-Abnormal number of chromosomes
What are 5 genetic targets for tumors?
1-Oncogenes (Growth factors that promote proliferation) 2-Tumor suppresor genes (BRCA-1 and 2) 3-Apoptosis regulatory genes 4-DNA repair 5-Angioneogenesis
Roughly what percent of cell doublings occurs before a tumor is detected?
Roughly 75%
What measures if a chemical alters genetic material in bacteria?
Ames Test
What are 6 things that may cause mutations?
1-Chemicals (alkylating agents or nitrosamines in food)
2-UV light
3-Radiation
4-Metal Ions
5-Polycyclic aromatic compounds (benzopyrenes)
6-Aflaztoxin (fungus on peanuts)
What are 5 examples of viruses that can cause cancer?
1-HPV (Cervical/oropharyngeal)
2-EBV (B cell lymphomas/Burkitt)
3-HHV8 (Kaposi)
4-Hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma)
5-HTLV-1 (Rare aggressive T cell leukemia)
What are 6 general causes for cancers?
1-Mutations 2-Viruses 3-Bacteria/inflammation (H. Pylori/asbestos) 4-Hormonal (high androgens) 5-Poor immune response 6-Genetic predisposition
What 5 things do tumors need to do to survive?
1-Develop signal to proliferate 2-Avoid apoptosis 3-Invade 4-Metastasize 5-Induce angiogenesis
What are 4 ways cancers kill?
1-Growth and metastasis
2-Involvement of vital organs
3-Cachexia
4-Tumor secretes product of the tissue of origin
Though squamous cell carcinoma is similar in appearance regardless of location, where is it most dangerous?
Lip and oral cavity
*Skin is less dangerous
Well developed carcinoid tumors usually do better than not well differentiated ones and usually show up where?
GI tract or lungs
*Typically low grade
Which Carcinoma is highly malignant?
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Cancer of blood cells and bone marrow is called?
Lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg cells are characteristic of what type of lymphoma that usually responds to treatment?
Hodgkins Lymphoma
*Non-Hodgkins tend to be more variable and harder to treat
Which fast growing cancer starts with B-cells and is typically associated with impaired immunity?
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
*Starry Sky, rapidly fatal if not treated
Immunodeficient children _______-fold more likely to develop cancer
200
What are 2 Angiogenic factors tumors release?
1-VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)
2-bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor-causes a fibrotic structure in tumor)
Which gene is the guardian of the genome and is the most common tumor suppressor gene mutation?
p53
*lost or mutated in 50% of malignancies. When functioning, it senses damaged cells and induces apoptosis
What rare inherited genetic cancer disorder is related to P53 gene and greatly increases the risk of developing multiple cancers?
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
What are the 3 components of tumor staging?
1-T (size and extent of the primary tumor)
2-N (presence of number of lymph node metastases)
3-M (presence of distant metastases)
Flow cytometry is used mainly for what two cancers?
Leukemias and Lymphomas
