Diabetes/metabolic Disease

Question 1

What are three ways diabetes is tested for?

Answer 1

1-Fasting sugar >126 mg/dL
2-75 gm glucose tolerance test: glucose >200 mg/dL after 2 hours
3-HbA1c>6.5% (less than 5.7% is normal)

Question 2

___% of the US has diabetes with nearly 50% undiagnosed and ____% are prediabetic

Answer 2

8-9

14

*73,000 die/year

Question 3

What are 3 symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 3

1-Polydipsia & polyphagia
2-Polyuria
3-Unexplained weight loss

Question 4

What anabolic hormone promotes glucose and AA transport into cells of the body, especially fat cells but does not affect uptake in neurons, kidney or red blood cells?

Answer 4

Insulin

Question 5

Where are insulin and C-Peptide secreted from?

Answer 5

Beta cells in islets of Langerhans (pancreas) in response to glucose

Question 6

What are 3 consequences of diabetes?

Answer 6

1-Increased lipolysis resulting in blood ketosis and elevated triglycerides
2-Increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
3-Anabolic effect (protein catabolism of muscle-can cause wasting)

Question 7

Which type of diabetes is usually found in thin, younger patients, results in a loss of islet beta cells due to autoimmune processes and may have associated ketoacidosis?

Answer 7

Type I (insulin-requiring)

*glucose levels often up to 500 mg/dl before diagnosed

Question 8

Which type of diabetes is an adult onset disease, correlates with excessive visceral fat, and is an insulin resistance?

Answer 8

Type II (non-insulin dependent)

*hypertension and risk for atherosclerosis

Question 9

A group of risk factors that can increase your chance of developing heart disease, diabetes, and stroke is called?

Answer 9

Metabolic syndrome

Question 10

What are three pathogenesis aspects of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 10

1-Increased visceral adiposity
2-Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity
3-Increased hepatic inflammation and cirrhosis

Question 11

What are three major metabolic complications in a metabolic syndrome?

Answer 11

1-Very high glucose
2-Hyperosmolar consequences, including coma
3-Brain swelling due to increased osmolarity

Question 12

Early hypoglycemia in a baby or possible fetal malformations if uncontrolled are possible results of what?

Answer 12

Gestational diabetes

*Babies are abnormally large with excessive insulin secretion

Question 13

What are 4 possible ophthalmic complications of diabetes?

Answer 13

1-cataracts
2-retinopathy
3-neuropathy
4-glaucoma/blindness

*glucose accumulation increases osmlaric pressure

Question 14

Besides kidney, heart and brain issues, What are 3 other long term complications of diabetes?

Answer 14

1-Peripheral neuropathies (Gangrene)
2-Autonomic nerve dysfunction
3-increased infection/slow healing

Question 15

What are 4 oral complications of diabetes?

Answer 15

1-Increased gingivitis and periodontitis
2-Poor wound healing
3-Abnormal infections such as thrush/candida
4-Xerostomia (increased caries)