Lungs Flashcards
AKA lung collapse, what is caused by inadequate expansion of airspaces and gives rise to hypoxia?
Atelectasis
*Obstruction, pleural effusion, etc.
What results from progression of acute lung injury and results in recruitment of activated neutrophils that damage alveolar epithelium/vasculature?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Which common airway disease category includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
*Main cause is Cigarette Smoke
What results from destruction of alveolar walls, leading to permanent enlargement of airspaces and can be caused by smoking, a-1 antitrypsin deficiency or air pollution?
Emphysema
*Hyperinflation with barrel chest, cough, wheeze, long expiration w/ pursed lips
What are 4 aspects of emphysema etiology?
1-IMbalance of proteases/anti-proteases
2-Neutrophils and macrohages releasing elastase and free radicals
3-Inflammation due to smoking
4-Smoking inhibits a-1 antitrypsin
When the branches leading to the alveoli are damaged but the alveoli themselves are intact it is called?
Centrilobular Emphysema
*smoking causes this
When branches and alveoli are destroyed it is which type of emphysema?
Panacinar emphysema
A persistent productive cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years cause by smoking or air pollution is called?
Chronic bronchitis
What is the pathology of chronic bronchitis?
Hyper secretion of mucus in airways, often accompanied by microbial infection
What results from obstruction of the bronchi and persistent necrotizing infection and has a persistent foul smelling cough, and hemoptysis?
Bronchiectasis
*TB, Staph, Klebsiella
Reactive airway disease that has paroxysmal narrowing of airways is called?
Asthma
What are the two types of Asthma?
1-Atopic (Type I hypersensitivity)
2-Non-atopic (Non-immune mechanism, drugs, virus or exposure induced)
What are 6 pathological characteristics of Asthma
1-Hyper inflated lungs 2-thick mucus plugs in airways 3-hyperplasia of bronchial glands 4-thick basement membrane 5-smooth muscle hypertrophy 6-eosinophilic infiltration
What condition is characterized by reduced lung compliance (stiff) requires more efforts to expand lungs, and shows ground glass infiltrates on images?
Restrictive Disease
*Less common than COPD but can cause respiratory failure
What are 4 types of restrictive disease?
1-Usual Interstitial Pneumonitis
2-NSIP
3-RB-ILD and DIP (smokers)
4-Collagen vascular disease
What are the 3 most common causes of Pneumoconiosis Occupational Lung disease?
1-Coal workers (antracotic/carbon dust)
2-Silicosis (Sandblasters/hard rock miners)
3-Asbestosis (lung carcinoma and mesothelioma)
What multi system disease is believed to be driven by abnormally stimulated CD4 helper T cells, and has non-caseating granulomas with reduced elastic properties?
Sarcoidosis
*African Americans have 10 x greater risk
What immune mediated response to inhaled antigen may be acute reaction or result in end stage lung disease?
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
What are 3 Iatrogenic causes of pulmonary fibrosis?
1-Chemotherapeutic agents (bleomycin, busulfan)
2-Radiation
3-IV drugs
What are 3 types of vascular diseases of the lungs?
1-Pumonary emboli
2-Pulmonary hypertension
3-Vasculitis
What can cause sudden death with occlusion of the main pulmonary artery from a clot that may originate in the deep veins of the legs?
Pulmonary Embolus
What are two diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndromes?
1-Goodpasture Syndrome
2-Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis)
Which alveolar hemorrhage syndrome is due to antibodies against a3 chain of collagen IV resulting in glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage?
Goodpasture Syndrome
Which alveolar hemorrhage syndrome is due to necrotizing granulomas and vasculitis, has a C-ANCA positive test and causes upper respiratory and pulmonary manifestations?
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegner Granulomatosis)
What are 4 pulmonary infections?
1-Community Acquired pneumonia
2-Community acquired atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia)
3-Hospital acquired pneumonia
4-Aspiration pneumonia
Which pulmonary infection has acute onset, chills, fever, productive cough and is caused by bacteria?
Community acquired pneumonia
Which pulmonary infection is more nonspecific with low grade fever, non-productive cough and is caused by mycoplasma or viruses?
Community acquired Atypical pneumonia
Which pulmonary infection Is caused by gram negative rods and S aureus and possible antibiotic resistant?
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
Which pulmonary infection usually involves the right lower love and can be abscess forming?
Aspiration Pneumonia
Which disease is chronic granulomatous caused by Mycobacterium, usually involves lungs, and has fever, night sweats and hemoptysis?
Tuberculosis
What are three fungal infections that affect the lungs?
1-Histoplasma Capsulatum
2-Cocciodiodes immitis
3-Blastomycoses dermatiditis
Which fungal infection is endemic to ohio river valley and arises from bat/bird droppings?
H. Capsulatum
Which fungal infection is endemic in california’s San Joaquin Valley and is known as valley fever?
C. Immitis
Which fungal infection is endemic in the US in a pattern similar to histoplasmosis?
B. dermatiditis
Which virus has owl eye intranuclear inclusions, may cause neonatal infection and is commonly seen in immunocompromised patients?
CMV
What are three subtypes of lung carcinoma?
1-Non-small cell carcinoma (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma)
2-Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
3-Small Cell carcinoma
*smokers 10-55 x greater risk
