Pathology and Circulatory Flashcards
Lack of circulation to a tissue results in a condition called?
Ischemia
Lack of oxygen to a tissue results in a condition called?
Hypoxia
An increase in cell size, not number is called?
Hypertrophy
Cell shrinkage or loss can be caused by lack of hormonal signals, loss of innervation, lack of use or blood supply, or blood supply and is called?
Atrophy
Fatty atrophy is also referred to as?
Cachexia
Increased number of cells is called?
Hyperplasia
Replacement of one cell type by another is called?
Metaplasia
Disordered hyperplasia without maturation is called?
Dysplasia
What are two types of cells that are most prone to injury?
1-High metabolic activity (cardiac myocytes, renal tubular cells, hepatocytes)
2-Rapidly proliferating (testicular germ cells, intestinal epithelium, hematopoietic cells)
What are two types of irreversible cell death?
1-Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
2-Necrosis (uncontrolled cell death)
What cascade pathway is the most common lead to apoptosis?
Caspase cascade
Swelling cells with membrane disruption, Ca+ signal, deeper red cytoplasm (loss of mRNA) and cells in clusters are typical of what type of cell death?
Necrosis
*Gangrene is an example when it is in a whole anatomic area
What are three possible nuclear changes in cell death?
1-Karyolysis (digested, pale nucleus)
2-Nuclear pyknosis (Shriveled, dark)
3-Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)
What are 6 patterns of necrosis?
1-Coagulative (with ischemia, makes infarct)
2-Liquefactive (loss of substance as in brain or lung)
3-Fat necrosis
4-Caseous necrosis (necrotizing granulomas)
5-Gangrnous necrosis (whole anatomic area)
6-FIbrinoid necrosis
Always pathogenic, acute inflammation, large groups of dying cells, cell swelling, early cell membrane disruption and injury induced uncoordinated death is typical of what?
Necrosis
A normal phenomenon, what process has no inflammation, usually one cell at a time, nuclear pyknosis, activation of caspase cascade and is programmed?
Apoptosis
Lipid filled macrophages, called foam cells can lead to what?
Cholesterolosis of gall bladder
Lysosomal accumulation of lipid is called what?
Gaucher disease
What are 3 types of brown storage products?
1-Lipofuscin (degraded lipid in lysosomes)
2-Billirubin (hemoglobin byproduct)
3-Hemosiderin (iron containing)
What are two types of intracellular protein storage?
1-a-antitrypsin deficiency
2-Russell bodies in plasma cells (large deposits of immunoglobulin in plasma cell cytoplasm)
What are two types of extracellular protein storage?
1-Amyloid (beta pleated sheet protein accumulation)
2-Fibrosis (scars)
Mostly in and near lungs, accumulation of carbon pigment is called what?
Anthracosis
*coal workers lung
What are the two types of calcification?
1-Dystrophic calcification (damaged tissue)
2-Metastatic calcification (normal tissue)
What are the three kinds of effusion (too much fluid in body cavity)?
1-Ascites (fluid in peritoneal space)
2-Pleural effusion (fluid in the pleural space)
3-Hydrocephalus (excess cerebrospinal fluid)
What are three causes of dependent edema which is fluid accumulating in the lower part of the body?
1-Hormonal fluid retention
2-Heart Failure
3-Inflammation
*pitting edema
When a large clot forms somewhere in the body and becomes stuck in the main pulmonary arteries it is called?
Pulmonary Thromboembolus
What are 3 common causes of hypotension and shock?
1-Hypovolemic (low blood volume, pale, cool skin)
2-Cardiogenic (heart failure, pale, cool skin)
3-Septic shock (overhwleming infection, febrile, flushed)
What are two dysfunctions of the heart that lead to congestive heart failure?
1-Systolic dysfunction (decreased myocardial contractility)
2-Diastolic dysfunction (insufficient expansion)
What are 7 ways the body compensates for Congestive Heart failure?
1-Tachycardia
2-Frank-starling (increase end diastolic volume)
3-Myocardial hypertrophy
4-Catecholamines
5-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
6-Adrenergic redistribution
7-Increase oxygen extraction from hemoglobin
Which side heart failure is characterized by ischemic heart disease, hypertension, aortic and mitral valve disease and myocardial disease such as cardiomyopathy or myocarditis?
Left-sided heart failure
*reduced blood perfusion to organs such as kidneys
What does dyspnea mean?
Breathlessness
What quickly developing state is due to vascular congestion and makes it hard to breathe while laying down?
Orthopnea
*paraxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is extreme dyspnea
What shows up on a chest X-ray of someone with septal pulmonary edema?
kerley B lines
What condition is a consequence of left-sided heart failure and is also called cor pulmonale?
Right Sided heart failure
What are 7 systemic effects of Right sided heart failure?
1-Liver (chronic passive congestion) 2-Spleen (congestive splenomegaly) 3-Kidneys (congestion and hypoxia) 4-Subcutaneous (peripheral edema) 5-Plerual effusion 6-Brain (venous congestion and hypoxia) 7-Portal (ascites)
